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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (3)
  • isolated perfused pancreas  (2)
  • Galápagos  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 12 (1976), S. 441-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Sucrose ; increased body fat ; isolated perfused pancreas ; dynamics of insulin secretion ; hyperinsulinism ; insulin biosynthesis ; isolated islets of Langerhans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long term feeding of a sucrose rich diet to rats is accompanied by a decreased glucose assimilation rate, despite high plasma insulin levels. Hyperinsulinism is at least partially based on a relative obesity, with increased amounts of abdominal- and retroperitoneal fat tissue, but unchanged total body weight compared to starch fed controls. The secretory pattern of insulin release was studied following glucose, arginine, fructose and sulfonylurea administration in the isolated perfused pancreas of sucrose and isocaloric starch fed rats. In addition, isolated islets of Langerhans were used to demonstrate the effects of glucose on insulin secretion and the incorporation of H-3 leucine into the proinsulin and insulin fraction of islet proteins. Following 11 mM glucose, the dynamics of insulin release in the isolated perfused pancreas of sucrose fed rats is characterized by a markedly elevated, late plateau-like response, usually seen only at higher glucose concentrations. Hyperinsulinism, as compared to starch fed controls, can also be demonstrated following arginine and the sulfonylurea HB-419, whereas fructose has no effect in the presence of low glucose concentrations. During incubation of the pancreatic islets, the hyperinsulinism in sucrose-, compared to starch fed rats, is more pronounced at 11 mM glucose than at 5.5 mM glucose. The incorporation of H-3 leucine into the proinsulin-insulin fraction of islet proteins in sucrose compared to starch fed rats, however, is significantly greater with glucose 5.5 mM than at high glucose level. In sucrose fed rats, secretion and biosynthesis of insulin thus appear to be elevated but closely linked only at physiological glucose concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Biguanides ; glibenclamide ; insulin secretion ; insulin biosynthesis ; isolated pancreatic islets ; isolated perfused pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Partant de l'observation clinique selon laquelle le traitement biguanidique des obèses peut altérer les taux réactifs d'insuline, les auteurs ont étudié l'influence de la metformine et de la phenformine sur la sécrétion basale d'insuline et sur la sécrétion stimulée par le glucose, ainsi que sur la biosynthèse de l'insuline dans les îlots isolés de rats. — Des concentrations de biguanide de 100 μg/ml ou plus réduisaient ou inhibaient significativement la sécrétion d'insuline stimulée par le glucose. Un effet proportionnel à la dose et une différence dans l'activité intrinsèque de la metformine et de la phenformine ont été démontrés. Lors de l'incubation des mêmes îlots pendant une seconde période sans biguanide, la sécrétion d'insuline stimulée par le glucose s'est avérée diminuée également après préincubation avec les biguanides. L'addition de glibenclamide au cours de cette seconde période augmentait la sécrétion d'insuline, mais ne surmontait pas l'inhibition complète provoquée après incubation dans des concentrations très élevées de biguanides. La biosynthèse de la proinsuline et de l'insuline stimulée par le glucose était diminuée en présence de biguanides ou, pour de très fortes concentrations, complètement supprimée. L'inhibition de la respiration cellulaire dans les cellules des îlots, provoquée par de fortes doses de biguanides est considérée comme la cause de l'inhibition de la sécrétion et de la biosynthèse de l'insuline. — D'autre part, une libération d'insuline a été trouvée pour une concentration très élevée de phenformine de 10 mg/ml. Une libération d'insuline, décrite dans la littérature, qui se produit au cours d'une perfusion du pancréas isolé du rat avec des doses plus élevées de biguanides, a également été observée. — Les concentrations de biguanide qui se sont révélées efficaces dans cette étude sont très élevées par rapport aux taux thérapeutiques. En outre, on sait que l'action des biguanides dépend de l'espèce, de la concentration et de la situation métabolique. — D'après ces résultats, des conclusions définitives en ce qui concerne la signification clinique ne semblent donc pas justifiées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der klinischen Beobachtung, daß bei übergewichtigen Patienten die reaktiven Insulinspiegel durch Biguanidbehandlung veränderbar sind, wurde an isolierten Langerhansschen Inseln von Ratten der Einfluß von Metformin und Phenformin auf die basale und glucosestimulierte Insulinsekretion sowie auf die Insulinbiosynthese untersucht. — Biguanidkonzentrationen von 100 μg/ml aufwärts erniedrigten bzw. hemmten die glucosestimulierte Insulinsekretion isolierter Inseln, wobei sowohl eine Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung als auch Unterschiede in der intrinsischen Aktivität von Metformin und Phenformin nachweisbar waren. Wurden dieselben Inseln in einer 2. Periode ohne Biguanidzusatz inkubiert, so war die glucosestimulierte Insulinsekretion auch nach der Vorinkubation mit Biguaniden erniedrigt. Zusatz von Glibenclamide in dieser 2. Inkubationsperiode steigerte die Insulinsekretion, konnte jedoch nicht die komplette Hemmung durchbrechen, die nach Vorinkubation der Inseln mit sehr hohen Biguaniddosen erzielt wurde. — Die glucosestimulierte Biosynthese von Proinsulin und Insulin wurde durch Biguanide in höherer Konzentration reduziert, bei sehr hoher Konzentration völlig unterdrückt. Eine Atmungshemmung der Inselzellen durch hohe Biguaniddosen könnte zur Erklärung der Hemmung von Sekretion und Biosynthese von Insulin herangezogen werden. — Bei der extrem hohen Phenformink onzentration von 10 mg/ml wurde andererseits eine Insulinfreisetzung aus den isolierten Inseln beobachtet. Die in der Literatur beschriebene Insulinfreisetzung während der Perfusion des isolierten Rattenpankreas mit höheren Biguaniddosen wurde ebenfalls gefunden. Die Biguanidkonzentrationen, die sich in dieser Arbeit als wirksam erwiesen, liegen im Vergleich zu therapeutisch erreichbaren Spiegeln sehr hoch. Weiters ist aber auch die Abhängigkeit der Biguanidwirkung von Species, Konzentration und Stoffwechselausgangslage bekannt. Es sollten daher aus diesen Befunden keine definitiven Schlüsse hinsichtlich ihrer klinischen Bedeutung gezogen werden.
    Notes: Summary Based on the clinical observation that biguanide treatment of obese patients may alter insulin levels, the influence of metformin and phenformin on basal and glucose stimulated insulin secretion, as well as on insulin biosynthesis, was studied in isolated islets of rats. — Biguanide concentrations of 100 μg/ml, or higher, significantly reduced glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Both dose dependence and a difference in the intrinsic activities of metformin and phenformin were demonstrated. Incubating the same islets for a second period without biguanides, glucose stimulated insulin secretion was still decreased. Addition of glibenclamide during this second period increased insulin secretion, but did not overcome complete inhibition achieved after incubation at very high biguanide concentrations. Glucose stimulated biosynthesis of proinsulin and insulin was decreased in the presence of biguanides and completely suppressed at very high concentrations. Inhibition of cell respiration in the islet cells effected by high biguanide doses may be the reason for the inhibition of secretion and biosynthesis of insulin. — On the other hand, an insulin release was found at the highest phenformin concentration of 10 mg/ ml and during perfusion of the isolated rat pancreas with higher biguanide doses. — Biguanide concentrations found to be effective in this study are very high compared with therapeutic levels. Moreover, biguanide actions are known to be highly dependent on species, concentration and metabolic situation. — Definite conclusions from these findings regarding clinical significance, therefore, seem unwarranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 22 (1998), S. 373-409 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Oribatida ; Galápagos ; species richness ; biogeography ; islands ; dispersal ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The results from investigations on oribatid mites of the Galápagos archipelago during 10 years are presented. Samples were taken on all larger and most smaller islands of the archipelago, as well as in all vegetation zones and some special habitats such as grass or cactus litter and fumaroles. A total of 202 oribatid species belonging to 64 families were encountered; among them 81 species are new to science. The Oribatida occur from the littoral zone to the summit of the volcanoes. Diversity and abundance increases from the arid to the moister zones at higher elevations. Most species prefer moist habitats at medium to higher elevations of the islands, in some parts reaching remarkably high abundances (in the Scalesia zone of Santa Cruz approximately 18 000 individuals m−2). The species richness of an island depends on the altitude and number of available habitats rather than the area of the island. Many oribatid species on the Galápagos Islands have a wide biogeographical distribution. The majority originate from the Central and South American mainland, but several Pacific and even Holarctic elements were also found. In comparison with the species composition of the adjacent mainland, the oribatid mite fauna of the Galápagos Islands can be regarded as disharmonic. Sea surface transportation has been proved at least between the islands, which also applies to oribatid species living at higher elevations. Long distance dispersal can be assumed to be mainly hydrochorous. The oribatid fauna of the littoral and arid vegetation zones is presented in detail. Some species even inhabit such extreme habitats as warm fern litter in fumaroles or hot volcanic soils. Others were mainly found in or near agricultural areas, suggesting human introduction. Striking distribution patterns within the archipelago are discussed. The distribution of endemic forms in the genera Aeroppia, Scapheremaeus, Scheloribates and Cultrobates indicates both speciation on different islands, as well as speciation on the same island by occupying different habitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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