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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (21)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (18)
  • Lymphocytes  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Key words Lupus erythematosus ; Cyclophosphamide ; Lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we investigated the long-term effect of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide (CY) on lymphocyte surface antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Blood samples derived from 17 lupus erythematosus patients were analysed using two- and three-colour flow cytometry. During the CY therapy, the total number of T lymphocytes (CD3+) was reduced by 31.4%, B lymphocytes (CD19+) by 67.4% and NK cells (CD16+) by 27.4%. Six months after the end of the CY regimen, these values recovered to entry levels. At the onset of the study we observed increased percentages of CD3+ CD25+, CD3+ CD4– CD8–, CD4+ CD29+, CD19+ and CD19+ CD5+ cells. The CY treatment regimen decreased the CD3+ CD25+, CD3+ CD4– CD8–, CD19+ and CD19+ CD5+ cells, but increased the CD3+ CD8+ subpopulation. Taken together, a deficiency of CD8+ T cells associated with CD4+ CD29+ predominance may imply an immune regulatory imbalance leading to abnormal CD4+ cell activation and in consequence to autoimmunity. Depletion of CD19+ cells combined with an enlargement of CD8 cells as a result of CY therapy may reduce the enhanced immune response in SLE patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 104 (1991), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Carbamazepine ; Guanylate cyclase ; Lymphocytes ; Mechanism of action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although a large variety of biochemical effects have been reported for lithium (Li) and carbamazepine (Cbm), the final molecular mechanism underlying their therapeutic efficacy for recurrent affective disorders is still unknown. The data presented here clearly indicate that therapeutic concentrations of both drugs inhibit sodium nitroprusside-induced accumulation of cGMP in human lymphocytes to about the same extent. The effect is not seen for other antidepressants, and shows pronounced interindividual variations in healthy volunteers. A similar effect of lithium and carbamazepine can also be demonstrated for the cGMP accumulation of central neurons using the model of dissociated cells of the mouse brain. The results are discussed in view of a common mechanism of action of both drugs. Furthermore, it is speculated that the individual sensitivity of the cGMP generating system of human lymphocytes to both drugs might be used to predict therapeutic response or nonresponse of the individual patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 243 (1994), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Intracellular calcium ; Affective disease ; Platelets ; Lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Many studies have demonstrated pharmacologic similarities between platelet and brain 5-HT2 binding sites. Therefore it may be possible to use platelets as a model for the central serotonergic neuron. Accordingly, a previcus report (Kusumi et al. 1991b) about elevated [Ca2+]i after serotonin stimulation in platelets of depressed patients was interpreted as further evidence for enhanced serotonergic sensitivity in depression. However, a very recent study showed an enhanced thrombin-induced platelet Ca2+ response, rather suggesting abnormalities of intracellular Ca2+ regulation in affective disorders. In the present study we have determined 5-HT2-and thrombin-induced Ca2+ responses in platelets and additionally phytohemagglutin (PHA)-induced Ca2+ increase in lymphocytes of medicated depressed patients (8 mono- and 2 bipolar, HRSD〉17) and of ten sex- and age-matched controls. The results showed no significant difference in basal calcium levels between the two groups and no significant difference in the Ca2+ response to thrombin although the response was higher in the patients. The Ca2+ increase after serotonin stimulation in depressed patients was significantly (P〈0.05) higher than in healthy controls. By contrast, the Ca2+ response to PHA in lymphocytes was significantly decreased in the patients. Our data confirm elevated Ca2+ responses after 5-HT2 receptor activation even in medicated depressed patients. However, Ca2+ responses in lymphocytes were decreased. Together with the observations of an enhanced Ca2+ response in platelets after thrombin stimulation, we speculate that the findings rather suggest alterations of [Ca2]i regulation in depression than specific changes of serotonergic sensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 375-383 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects on viscose ripening of a variety of materials are reported. (1) Normal constituents (Na2CO3, Na2CS3, NaCl) appeared not to affect ripening; however, Na2S retarded ripening. By-product removal appeared to retard ripening. (2) Oxidizing agents (H2O2, Na2Sx) accelerated ripening; reducing agent (Na2SO3) retarded ripening; this is suggestive of possible addition product formation. (3) Na2SO4, (CH3)2SO, KClO3, Na2BH4 showed no effect on ripening. (4) Salts which precipitated as hydroxides or carbonates did not appear to affect ripening. (5) Salts which formed insoluble sulfides resulted in an initial increase in ripening rates. In later stages, ripening proceeded normally, probably after the salts were removed from solution as insoluble sulfides. (6) FeCl3, BiCl3 and Na3AsO3 appeared to retard ripening. (7) A comparison of the effect on ripening of the trivalent state of elements in group V of the periodic table showed that the rate of ripening decreased with the oxidation potential of the element. (8) The addition of sodium zincate retarded ripening and suggested possible cross-linking of xanthate and by-product sulfur, or of two xanthate groups. (9) Addition of tin and chromium salts at the 0.5% level resulted in gelation of the viscose within 30 min. after the addition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 12 (1981), S. 11-13 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quality Control of HDPE Pipes.Trials are reported made with the aim of finding an correlation between creep rupture test results obtained with two different types of testing samples: Pipes under internal pressure and tensile rods cut out of these pipes in a longitudinal direction.
    Notes: Es wird über Versuche berichtet, eine Korrelation zwischen Ergebnissen aus Zeitstand-Innendruckversuchen an HDPE-Rohren und Zeitstandversuchen an Längszugstäben aus diesen Rohren zu finden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 22-25 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Creep strength and chemical resistance pipes made of hard polyethylene and polypropyleneThe creep strength of pipes made of thermoplastics is influenced by the surrounding medium. This influence may be of a chemical or physical kind. Often, both influences are simultaneously present. The present paper deals with these different types of influences of chemical substances on the creep strength of pipes made of hard polyethylene and polypropylene. First, the test method is described by which the creep strength is investigated in the presence of chemical stresses. This is followed by the communication of results obtained with different obcals. These include inorganic as well as organic media. According to these results the inorganic substances can, in respect of their effect on the creep strength, be divided into the following four categories: 1aqueous solutions of non-oxidant substances,2aqueous solutions of oxidant substances,3aqueous solutions of wetting agents,4aqueous solutions of substances which penetrate into polyethylene in small quantities, thus causing Some Sort swelling.The organic substances can be divided into those with strong and with weak swelling effects. The swelling effect, which depends on the chemical structure of the substances, is described in some detail.
    Notes: Die Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen wird durch das umgebende Medium beeinflußt. Dieser Einfluß kann chemischer oder physikalischer Art sein. Oft sind beide Einflüsse gleichzeitig wirksam. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt diese verschiedenen Arten des Einflusses chemischer Substanzen auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit von Rohren aus Hartpolyäthylen und Polypropylen. Es wird zunächst die Prüfmethode beschrieben, nach der die Zeitstandfestigkeit bei gleichzeitiger chemischer Beanspruchung untersucht wird. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse mitgeteilte, die mit verschiedenen Chemikalien gewonnen wurden. Es wird dabei sowohl auf anorganische als auch auf organische Medien eingegangen. Nach diesen Ergebnissen können die anorganischen Substanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf die Zeitstandfestigkeit in folgende vier Gruppen eingeteilt werden: 1wäßrige Lösungen von nicht oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen;2wäßrige Lösungen von oxydierend wirkenden Substanzen;3wäßrige Lösungen von Netzmitteln;4wäßrige Lösungen von Substanzen, die in geringer Menge in Polyäthylen eindringen und dadurch eine Art Quellung bewirken.Die organischen Substanzen körnert in stark und schwach quellend wirkende eingeteilt werden. Auf die Quellung, die von der chemischen Struktur der Substanzen abhängig ist, wird näher eingegangen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 25 (1994), S. 329-340 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effect of Process Parameters in Extrusion on Fatigue BehaviourFatigue test specimens were produced by forward extrusion and subsequent heading from conventional steels, P/M steels and AlMg4.5Mn. The strain, die-opening angle, temperature and in some cases the lubricant were varied. For purpose of comparation in some cases also specimens were prepared by machining. S/N curves or cyclic deformation curves were determined mainly by stress-controlled tests.For all materials the time strength was increased by cold forming whereby the effect of strain was stronger than that of the die-opening angle. The time strength of steel is less increased by warm (semihot) forming than by cold forming. The fatigue strength, however, is not necessarily increased by cold or warm forming. After cold forming the P/M steels contrary to conventional steels revealed mainly quasielastic deformation until fracture. After warm forming, however, P/M steels, due to the decrease of porosity, behaved almost like conventional steels. For AlMg4.5Mn specimens prepared by forming - probably due to worse surface quality - revealed a lower fatigue strength than those prepared by machining. Here also a feasible effect of the choice of the lubricant was stated.
    Notes: Aus schemelzmetallurgischen und Sinterstählen sowie AlMg4,5Mn wurden durch Fließpressen und Anstauchen von Köpfen bauteilähnliche Schwingproben hergestellt. Dabei wurden Umformgrad, Schulteröffnungswinkel, Temperatur und z.T. der Schmierstoff variiert. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden in Einzelfällen Schwingproben spannend hergestellt. Wöhlerkurven oder Wechselverformungskurven wurden zumeist in spannungskontrollierten Versuchen ermittelt. Für alle Werkstoffe wurde eine Erhöhung der Zeitfestigkeit durch eine Kaltumformung beobachtet. Der Einfluß des Schulteröffnungswinkels war schwächer als der des Umformgrades. Eine Halbwarmumformung von Stahl steigert die Zeitfestigkeit weniger als eine Kaltumformung. Die Dauerfestigkeit wird durch Kalt- oder Halbwarmumformung nicht notwendig gesteigert. Die Sinterstähle zeigten kaltfließgepreßt anders als konventionelle Stähle vornehmlich quasielastische Verformung bis zum Bruch. Halbwarmumgeformt verhalten sich Sinterstähle jedoch aufgrund der verringerten Porosität nahezu wie konventionelle. Für AlMg4,5Mn zeigten umgeformte Schwingproben im Vergleich zu spanend gefertigten - vermutlich aufgrund der schlechteren Oberfläche - eine niedrigere Dauerfestigkeit; hier wurde auch ein deutlicher Einfluß des Schmierstoffes beobachtet.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 25 (1994), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the quantitative valuation of thermally activated material reactionsThis paper gives an insight into the fundamentals and application of the quantitative valuation of thermally activated material reactions, especially of static softening processes. Possibilities of calculating based on diffusion and chemical kinetics are reported not only for isothermal, but also generally for thermally nonstationary conditions. The special cases of constant heating or cooling rates and of constant temperatures which nearly exclusively have been described in the literature follow automatically from these more universal equations given here. For a more precise description of softening processes it is proposed that the ARRHENIUS formula is modified and generalized by introducing a temperature threshold value, i.e., a minimum or reference temperature. This allows the material softening process that independently of time always can be observed only above a minimum temperature to be represented in this way also by the physical-mathematical model. Integrals are calculated and explizit solutions are given for characteristic temperature-time dependences. Finally, the fundamental method of determining the model parameters is described.
    Notes: Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in Grundlagen und Anwendung der quantitativen Bewertung thermisch aktivierter Werkstoffreaktionen, insbesondere bei statisch ablaufenden Entfestigungsvorgängen. Berechnungsmöglichkeiten werden auf der Grundlage von Diffusion und chemischer Kinetik nicht nur für isotherme, sondern allgemein für thermisch beliebig instationäre Bedingungen angegeben. Die im Fachschrifttum fast ausschließlich betrachteten Spezialfälle konstanter Erwärmungs- oder Abkühlraten und konstanter Temperaturen ergeben sich aus den hier angegebenen allgemeingültigeren Gleichungen zwanglos. Zur präziseren Beschreibung von Entfestigungsvorgängen wird vorgeschlagen, den Arrhenius-Ansatz dahingehend zu modifizieren bzw. zu verallgemeinern, daß ein Temperaturschwellenwert - eine Mindestbzw. Bezugstemperatur - in geeigneter Weise eingeführt wird. Dadurch wird erreicht, daß eine Werkstoffentfestigung, die - praktisch unabhängig von der Zeitdauer - immer erst oberhalb gewisser Mindesttemperaturen beobachtbar ist, in dieser Weise auch durch das physikalisch-mathematische Modell erfaßt und widergespiegelt wird. Für charakteristische Temperatur-Zeit-Abhängigkeiten werden die auftretenden Integrale berechnet und explizite Lösungen angegeben. Abschließend wird der prinzipielle Weg zur Bestimmung der Modellparameter skizziert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of large-diameter pipes made of hard polyethyleneWith the aid of numerous illustrations, the applications of polyethylene pipes of relatively large diameters are surveyed. A special account is given of the advantages which such pipes may offer under different installation conditions. Especially in the Scandinavian countries  -  Norway, Finland and Sweden  -  where pipes are laid in the open even during the winter months, the toughness of hard polyethylene, even at low temperatures, is found to be a particular advantage. A special problem is posed by the need for a reliable jointing of large-diameter pipes. It is shown that, if the necessary conditions are adhered to, and if suitable aids are used, it is possible to obtain reliable butt welds, both between one pipe and another, and between pipe and welding collar. Such welding collars can be made in different ways. For instance, a mould is filled with the aid of an extruder and a rough cast prepared which, after cooling, is machined on a lathe. Pipes made of hard polyethylene are used not only for drinking water pipes but also for special purposes, e. g. cable protection pipes. For this purpose, a special technique, known as jetting method, is sometimes used for laying pipes across water.
    Notes: Anhand einer großen Anzahl van Bildern wird über den Einsatz van Rohren relativ großen Durchmessers aus Hart-Polyäthylen berichtet. Dabei wird auch auf die Vorteile, die solche Rohre unter den verschiedensten Verlegebedingungen bieten, näher eingegangen. Gerade in skandinavischen Ländern wie Norwegen, Finnland und Schweden, wo auch während der Wintermonate Rohrverlegungen im Freien stattfinden, erweist sich die gute Zähigkeit von Hart-Polyäthylen auch in der Kälte von besonderem Vorteil. Ein besonderes Problem stellt die zuverlässige Verbindung von Rohren großen Durchmessers der. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Einhaltung der erforderlichen Bedingungen und bei Verwendung geeigneter Hilfsgeräte einwandfreie Stumpfschweißungen sowohl der Rohre untereinander als auch von Rohr und Vorschweißbund erzielt werden können. Die Herstellung solcher Vorschweißbunde kann auf verschiedene Arten vorgenommen werden; z. B. wird mit Hilfe eines Extruders eine Form gefüllt und durch Pressen ein Rohling hergestellt, der nach dem Erkalten auf einer Drehbank bearbeitet wird. Neben der Verwendung van Rohren aus Hart-Polyäthylen für Trinkwasserleitungen werden sie auch für Spezialzwecke, wie z. B. Kabelschutzrohre, eingesetzt. Dabei wird in manchen Fällen eine besondere Verlegetechnik beim Durchqueren van Gewässern, das sog. Einspülverfahren, angewandt.
    Additional Material: 36 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ripening of spinnable viscoses has shown dexanthation rates to be constant for sulfate pulps; however, sulfite pulps appeared to ripen slightly faster than the sulfate pulps. The rate of dexanthation was unaffected by changes in alkalinity over relatively narrow ranges, and slightly affected by sulfur and cellulose content. Dilution of the viscose increased the dexanthation rate. A molar activation energy of 23 kcal. was calculated from a study of temperature effects on dexanthation of a high alpha sulfate pine pulp. Changes in salt index with respect to degree of substitution for all viscoses xanthated and dissolved at 25°C. followed the same linear function. For viscoses prepared at lower xanthation and/or dissolving temperatures, the ripening curves exhibited an initial rise suggesting two simultaneous changes: dexanthation and a randomizing of substitution. Split xanthation (the final xanthation step under essentially homogeneous conditions) yielded viscose having random substitution and exceptionally high salt index. As this solution ripened the salt index decreased linearly with respect to degree of substitution and eventually followed the same function as normally xanthated viscose, indicating that the final internal structures of the two solutions are similar.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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