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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7)
  • Recurrent Inhibition  (3)
  • Microglia  (2)
  • Stretch reflex  (2)
  • β-amyloid  (2)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7)
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Years
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid appearance of β-amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in glial cells follwing excitotoxic brain injury (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid precursor protein ; β-amyloid ; Quinolinic acid ; Astrocytes ; Microglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and experimental data have indicated an up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) after various types of CNS injury. In the present study the cellular source of lesion-induced APP has been investigated an a neurotoxic CNS model. Quinolinic acid injection into the striatum results in neuronal degeneration, while glial cells survive. APP immunoreactivity was detected in glial cells starting at postoperative day 3 and persisted until day 21, the last time point studied. Double immunocytochemistry identified the majority of APP-immunoreactive cells as glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes. There was no evidence of amyloid fibril deposition during this time. It is concluded that following excitotoxic neuronal degneration APP is mainly produced by reactive astrocytes in the lesioned area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294255
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid appearance of β-amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in glial cells following excitotoxic brain injury (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1994), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words     Amyloid precursor protein ; β-amyloid ; Quinolinic acid ; Astrocytes ; Microglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      Clinical and experimental data have indicated an up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) after various types of CNS injury. In the present study the cellular source of lesion-induced APP has been investigated in a neurotoxic CNS model. Quinolinic acid injection into the striatum results in neuronal degeneration, while glial cells survive. APP immunoreactivity was detected in glial cells starting at postoperative day 3 and persisted until day 21, the last time point studied. Double immunocytochemistry identified the majority of APP-immunoreactive cells as glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes. There was no evidence of amyloid fibril deposition during this time. It is concluded that following excitotoxic neuronal degneration APP is mainly produced by reactive astrocytes in the lesioned area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294255
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long latency reflex force of human finger muscles in response to imposed sinusoidal movements (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sinusoidal analysis ; Stretch reflex ; Long latency ; Tremor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reflex stiffness of the flexing human index finger was studied using sinusoidal movements at 3–16 Hz. The Nyquist stiffness diagram indicates the presence of a ‘presonance’ at around 4 Hz, its ‘C’ shape after correction for the mechanical properties of the relaxed finger is consistent with the involvement of a stretch reflex in its generation. This contention was supported by the presence of negative friction around 4 Hz and the disappearance of the modulation of the stiffness curve after afferent ischaemic block. Correction for the mechanical properties of active muscle, measured after afferent block, permitted the isolation of the reflex compo nent of stiffness. The circular form of the Nyquisdiagram indicates a relatively flat frequency response for the reflex over the range tested, and its radius gives a measure of reflex gain. The low value of the frequency at which the frictional force is minimal, suggests the involvement of a reflex of longer than spinal latency. This is discussed in relation to mechanisms of tremor genesis and the interaction of spinal and long latency reflexes in distal hand muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237282
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recurrente Hemmung der Extensor-Fusimotoneurone? (1971)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 329 (1971), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extensor γ-Motoneurones ; Recurrent Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antidromic effect of ventral root or muscle nerve stimulation has been studied on functionally isolated γ-efferents to the medial gastrocnemius muscle in the intercollicular decerebrate cat. Tetanic stimulation of the ventral root at levels below the threshold for the investigated γ-efferents decreases the activity of 10 out of 19 γ-motoneurones. This effect is greater in cats with intact contralateral dorsal roots. Tetanic stimulation of synergic muscular nerves inhibits some of the investigated γ-motoneurones, whereas tetanic stimulation of antagonistic muscular nerves fails to have any inhibitory effect. It is suggested that the recurrent inhibition of γ-motoneurones is mediated via at least one additional interneuron between the Renshaw cell and the γ-motoneuron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586898
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Length-dependent autogenetic inhibition of extensor γ-motoneurones in the decerebrate cat (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 346 (1974), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Extensor γ-Motoneurones ; Autogenetic Inhibition ; Recurrent Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of stretching the triceps surae muscle on the resting discharge of functionally isolated and identified γ-efferents in the medial gastrocnemius nerve were studied in intercollicular decerebrate cats. Extension of the muscle decreases the activity of 9 out of 25 γ-motoneurones. This inhibition becomes apparent at about 8 mm muscle length and increases with increasing extension. Only those γ-efferents exhibiting this length-dependent inhibition are found to be inhibited by repetitive antidromic stimulation of the ventral root or the homonymous muscle nerve. We suggest that inhibition of fusimotor neurones by muscle stretch is at least partly mediated by the recurrent collaterals of the α-motoneurones activated by the stretch. 11 γ-motoneurones were predominantly excited by muscle stretch applied to the detached Achilles tendon as well as by squeezing the tendon. Nociceptors within the tendon or surrounding fascia are probably responsible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00595711
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disinhibition der Extensor-Motoneurone nach intercolliculärer Dezerebrierung (1969)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 311 (1969), S. 148-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Decerebrate State ; Extensor Motoneurones ; Recurrent Inhibition ; Disinhibition ; Schlüsselwörter ; Dezerebrierungsstarre ; Extensor-Motoneurone ; Recurrente Inhibition ; Disinhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Trotz kontinuierlicher Anaesthesie und Unterbrechung der Gamma-Spindelschleife löst die natürliche oder elektrische Reizung homonymer Ia-Afferenzen mit konstanter Stärke nach intercolliculärer Dezerebrierung an Extensor-Motoneuronen regelmäßigere Antworten, Verkürzung der Reflexzeit, Zunahme der Entladungsfrequenz, Verstärkung der post-tetanischen Potenzierung und Rekrutierung aus. Da der Grad der recurrenten Hemmung abnimmt, schließen wir, daß die gesteigerte Erregbarkeit der Extensor-Motoneurone im Zustand der Dezerebrierung mit Disinhibition verbunden ist. Die mit einem konstanten Quantum reflexwirksamer Afferenzen erhaltenen Resultate sprechen für unsere Annahme, daß Spastizität nicht hauptsächlich auf fusimotorischer Enthemmung beruht.
    Notes: Summary Even with continued anesthesia and interrupted gamma-loop intercollicular decerebration leads in extensor motoneurones (excited by electrical or natural stimulation of homonymous Ia-afferents with constant strength) to the following phenomona: more regular responses, shortening of reflex time, increase of discharge frequency, enhancement of post-tetanic potentiation, and recruitment. Because the degree of recurrent inhibition is diminished we conclude that the higher excitability of extensor motoneurones in the decerebrate state is correlated with disinhibition. Furthermore the results obtained with the afferent input for motoneurones kept constant favour our assumption that spasticity is not based merely on the release of fusimotor activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587037
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trends in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of spasticity (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 238 (1991), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Spasticity ; Motor disorders ; Muscle tone ; Stretch reflex ; Pharmacotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spasticity develops after supraspinal or spinal lesions of descending motor systems, with obligate involvement of the corticospinal tract. Spasticity is characterized by an increase in muscle tone, which, in contrast to many other types of enhanced muscle tone, shows a marked velocity-dependent increase when the muscle is passively stretched. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this spastic muscle tone remain obscure. Three major causes are currently considered possible: (1) changes in the excitability of spinal interneurones; (2) receptor hypersensitivity; (3) formation of new synapses by sprouting. The latter mechanism could account for the long time course over which spastic muscle tone develops in hemiplegic or paraplegic patients, but there is no experimental evidence for this hypothesis. The electromyographic (EMG) gait analysis of patients with spasticity has thrown doubt on the common belief that the velocity-dependent increase in spastic muscle tone is evoked by stretch reflex activity and has led to the idea that spastic muscle tone resides in the muscle fibres themselves. While such a mechanism may contribute to the slowness of active movements in spastic patients, recent experiments on patients with spastic arm paresis have confirmed the classical view that the spastic muscle tone is related to the EMG activity evoked in the passively stretched muscle. This pathological EMG activity is seen during the entire range of the dynamic phase of the stretch, during which a normal muscle exhibits only an early, phasic burst at the highest stretch velocities employed. For the pharmacological treatment of spasticity, substances with different central or peripheral actions are available. Their assumed receptor actions are described, together with their main indications and side-effects. A new way to treat severe spasticity is the continuous intrathecal application of baclofen via an implantable pump. This application has the benefit that the sedative effect of baclofen when applied in high oral dosage is avoided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319679
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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