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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin-1β mRNA in rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia (1993)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 86 (1993), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Cytokines ; In situ hybridization ; Microglia ; Astrocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-1β mRNA expression were studied in rat brains after 30 min of global ischemia by in situ hybridization. Ischemia was produced by four-vessel occlusion followed by different recirculation times ranging between 15 min and 7 days. TGF-β1 mRNA could first be detected 3 days after ischemia in the hippocampus, in layers II/III of cortex, in the striatum and in parts of the ventral thalamus. At 7 days after recirculation a prominent increase in TGF-β1 mRNA was observed in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus. Induction of interleukin-1β mRNA, however, was less marked and limited to the rostral striatum 3 and 7 days after ischemia. TGF-β1 expression 7 days after ischemia correlated well with the histological localization of regions where neuronal degeneration and subsequent astrocytic and microglial activation had occurred. In adjacent brain sections, the distribution of TGF-β1 mRNA after 7 days closely resembled that of the immunostaining pattern of activated microglia, indicating that at this time point TGF-β1 mRNA was mainly produced by microglial cells. The late induction of TGF-β1 mRNA after ischemia points to an involvement in the persistent glial response rather than the initial glial activation. The differential pattern of interleukin-1β mRNA induction indicates regional variations of cytokine production after ischemic brain lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228578
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitation of picture naming by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of Wernicke’s area (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 121 (1998), S. 371-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Transcranial magnetic stimulation ; Semantic processing ; Speech motor systems ; Picture naming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  On the basis of an evolutionary concept of language it was postulated that activation of the motor systems for arm movements, which are phylogenetically older, should facilitate language processes. In aphasic subjects picture naming can be improved by a concomitant movement of the dominant arm. In the present study it was investigated whether a similar facilitation can be observed in normal subjects by studying the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on picture naming latencies. Suprathreshold focal TMS was applied to the left motor cortex for proximal arm muscles in right-handed subjects. The effects were compared with TMS of Wernicke’s area. While TMS of the motor cortex and the non-dominant temporal lobe had no facilitatory effects, TMS of Wernicke’s area decreased picture naming latencies significantly when TMS preceded picture presentation by 500 or 1000 ms. The observed effects depended on the intensity of the stimulus used. While clearly present with intensities of 35% and 55% of maximum output the facilitation disappeared with higher stimulation intensities. It is concluded that focal magnetic stimulation is able to facilitate lexical processes due to a general preactivation of language-related neuronal networks when delivered over Wernicke’s area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050471
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensible Jackson-Anfälle als Erstmanifestation einer Sarkoidose (1996)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 67 (1996), S. 883-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sarkoidose ; Fokale Anfälle ; Bronchoalveoläre Lavage ; Key words Sarcoidosis ; Focal seizures ; Bronchoalveolar lavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A 46-year old patient is reported presenting with somatosensory focal seizures of either arm as the only manifestation of an otherwise clinically inapparent sarcoidosis. MRI showed signs of a granulomatous leptomeningeal affection. Histological examination of a meningeal biopsy proved the diagnosis of sarcoidosis by demonstrating noncaseating granulomas. There was no other clinical manifestation of sarcoidosis. Chest X-ray was normal and the serum level of angiotensin-converting-enzyme was only slightly elevated. The CD4/CD8 ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage cell population, however, was clearly abnormal, supporting the role of this diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über einen 46 jährigen Patienten mit wechselseitig auftretenden sensiblen Jackson-Anfällen der Arme als einziger Manifestation einer klinisch bislang inapparenten Sarkoidose. Kernspintomographisch fanden sich Hinweise auf eine granulomatöse leptomeningeale Affektion; eine meningeale Biopsie sicherte durch den histologischen Nachweis nichtverkäsender Granulome die Diagnose. Klinisch gab es keinen weiteren Anhalt für eine Sarkoidose. Der röntgenologische Thoraxbefund war unauffällig; das Angiotensin-converting-Enzym im Serum war nur gering erhöht. Die Anteile der Lymphozytensubpopulation (CD4/CD8-Ratio) in der Bronchiallavage waren dagegen deutlich pathologisch verändert, was die Bedeutung dieser diagnostischen Methode bei der Sarkoidose unterstreicht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050067
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid appearance of β-amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in glial cells following excitotoxic brain injury (1994)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1994), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words     Amyloid precursor protein ; β-amyloid ; Quinolinic acid ; Astrocytes ; Microglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract      Clinical and experimental data have indicated an up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) after various types of CNS injury. In the present study the cellular source of lesion-induced APP has been investigated in a neurotoxic CNS model. Quinolinic acid injection into the striatum results in neuronal degeneration, while glial cells survive. APP immunoreactivity was detected in glial cells starting at postoperative day 3 and persisted until day 21, the last time point studied. Double immunocytochemistry identified the majority of APP-immunoreactive cells as glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes. There was no evidence of amyloid fibril deposition during this time. It is concluded that following excitotoxic neuronal degneration APP is mainly produced by reactive astrocytes in the lesioned area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294255
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid appearance of β-amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in glial cells follwing excitotoxic brain injury (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid precursor protein ; β-amyloid ; Quinolinic acid ; Astrocytes ; Microglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical and experimental data have indicated an up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) after various types of CNS injury. In the present study the cellular source of lesion-induced APP has been investigated an a neurotoxic CNS model. Quinolinic acid injection into the striatum results in neuronal degeneration, while glial cells survive. APP immunoreactivity was detected in glial cells starting at postoperative day 3 and persisted until day 21, the last time point studied. Double immunocytochemistry identified the majority of APP-immunoreactive cells as glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes. There was no evidence of amyloid fibril deposition during this time. It is concluded that following excitotoxic neuronal degneration APP is mainly produced by reactive astrocytes in the lesioned area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294255
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemistry of B-50 (GAP-43) in the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia of the adult cat (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 22 (1993), S. 413-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the neural-specific growth associated protein B-50 (GAP-43), which persists in the mature spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, has been studied by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in the cat. Throughout the spinal cord, B-50 immunoreactivity was seen confined to the neuropil, whereas neuronal cell bodies were unreactive. The most conspicuous immunostaining was observed in the dorsal horn, where it gradually decreased from superficial laminae (I–II) toward more ventral laminae (III–V), and in the central portion of the intermediate gray (mainly lamina X). In these regions, the labelling was localized within unmyelinated, small diameter nerve fibres and axon terminals. In the rest of the intermediate zone (laminae VI–VIII), B-50 immunoreactivity was virtually absent. The intermediolateral nucleus in the thoracic and cranial lumbar cord showed a circumscribed intense B-50 immunoreactivity brought about by the labelling of many axon terminals on preganglionic sympathetic neurons. In motor nuclei of the ventral horn (lamina IX), low levels of B-50 immunoreactivity were present in a few axon terminals on dendritic and somal profiles of motoneurons. In dorsal root ganglia, B-50 immunoreactivity was mainly localized in the cell bodies of small and medium-sized sensory neurons. The selective distribution of persisting B-50 immunoreactivity in the mature cat throughout sensory, motor, and autonomie areas of the spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia suggests that B-50-positive systems retain in adult life the capacity for structural and functional plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01181562
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of an Infectious Disease Service on Antibiotic Prescription Behavior and Selection of Multiresistant Pathogens (2000)
    Springer
    Infection 28 (2000), S. 384-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Keywords: Key Words Infectious disease service ; Cost control ; Multiresistant pathogens ; Intensive care ; Antibiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: A routine infectious disease service was established in January 1998 in order to optimize the antibiotic usage and prescription pattern of a neurologic intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: Treatment guidelines for the most prevalent infections wer implemented and individual antibiotic regimes were discussed at the bedside with infectious disease experts. Results: This interdisciplinary cooperation reduced the total number of antibiotics prescribed by 38.1%, from 7,789 in 1997 to 4,822 in 1998, without comprimising patient outcomes (mortality rate: 22/313 patients in 1997 vs 32/328 patients in 1998). Total patient days (2,254 days vs 2,296 days) and average length of stay in the NICU (7.2 days vs 7.0 days) were comparable. Antimicrobial expenditure decreased by 44.8% (71,680 Euros in 1997 vs 39,567 Euros in 1998). Taking into account the costs for the infectious disease service (approximately 8,000 Euros in 1998), a total saving of 24,113 Euros was made. The dramatic reduction in antibiotic usage (mainly of carbapenems) resulted in a statistically significant decreased isolation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (p 〈 0.05), Enterobacter cloacae (p 〈 0.05), multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p 〈 0.05) and Candida spp. (p 〈 0.05), without any change in the infection control guidelines. Conclusion: These data show that an infectious disease service can optimize and reduce antibiotic usage. This results in a decrease in the occurrence of multiresistant gram-negative pathogens and Candida spp. in intensive care units, and, at the same time, saves costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s150100070010
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