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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Preclinical hyperthyroidism ; Psychological changes ; Clinical symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study reported here was undertaken to establish the degree to which a person in a preclinical state of hyperthyroidism, with (by definition) euthyroid T3 and T4 levels but suppressed TRH on testing, already exhibits psychological changes and clinical symptoms. Two groups of 20 patients each, with clear clinical and preclinical hyperthyroidism (as defined by laboratory parameters), were studied, as well as a group of 20 controls. The subjects' psychological state of mind was investigated using self-rating scales, including the state-trait-anxiety inventory (STAI), „Befindlich-keits“-Skala (Bf-S'), depression scale (D-S'), and a list of adjectives (EWL-K) with 14 different aspects of affective moods. Cognitive achievements were evaluated using the d2 test. Subjects were examined for somatic symptoms in accordance with Crooks' index of hyperthyroidism. The results clearly showed that typical psychological and somatic changes are already present in preclinical hyperthyroidism, these changes being partly identical with those of definite hyperthyroidism. In both patient groups, a significant increase in anxiety, a sense of not feeling well, and emotional irritability were found, as well as a tendency towards depressiveness, and an increased lack of vitality and activity. Attentiveness and concentration in both patient groups were lower than in the control group. Both patient groups showed the same prevalence of symptoms, such as palpipations, preference of cold over heat, excessive sweating, nervousness, fine digital tremor, and increased heart rate. With regard to the results, the diagnosis “preclinical hyperthyroidism” thus gains importance. Further prospective studies are required to answer the question whether antithyroidal treatment will influence the described psychological and somatic state of patients with preclinical hyperthyroidism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Geography 7 (1987), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0143-6228
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Geography 6 (1986), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 0143-6228
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Advances in Space Research 2 (1982), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 0273-1177
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0016-7185
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Electronics 25 (1982), S. 1023-1026 
    ISSN: 0038-1101
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
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    New York : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Community Psychology. 16:6 (1988:Dec.) 839 
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of women's mental health 1 (1998), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1435-1102
    Keywords: Keywords: Estradiol; sex hormones; gonadal function ; menstrual cycle; psychopathology; schizophrenia; depression ; neuroleptic treatment.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a recent clinical study we have shown that the psychopathology of 32 schizophrenic female inpatients varies with estradiol serum levels throughout the menstrual cycle. Symptomatology – apart from depression – seems to improve when estradiol blood levels rise and vice versa. Furthermore we found considerable menstrual irregularities and hormonal disturbances in most schizophrenic women (Riecher-Rössler et al., 1994). We have now tested the specifity of our results for schizophrenia by examining 29 age-matched women, admitted for acute psychiatric disorders other than schizophrenia. In these patients, mainly suffering from depressive disorders, symptomatology did not correlate with estradiol levels. The only exception was general behavior on ward. The results imply a clinical effect of estrogens similar to that of a weak neuroleptic. Gonadal function during the acute episode was significantly more disturbed in the schizophrenic than in the control patients. If there also is a subgroup of schizophrenic women with preexisting, chronic gonadal hypofunction as was implied by the old theory of "hypoestrogenism" in schizophrenia, could not be definitely answered. It is proposed, however, that low estrogen levels of any origin can lead to the outbreak/deterioration of schizophrenic symptoms in vulnerable women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 1 (1966), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur la base des résultats de la recherche empirique sur la schizophrénie et d'expériences personnelles réalisées dans une division spécialisée pour schizophrènes évolutifs précoces, quelques conceptions directrices sont posées comme base à un programme de thérapie systématique: en règle générale, la psychose manifeste est précédée dans les processus précoces à symptômes rares, par des transformations de personnalité que l'on peut diviser en deux types: 1) un type «pseudo-névrotique» révélant une enfance chargée de tension et de conflits et présentant une attitude de défi et d'opposition; 2) un type «egopathique» (Kisker) caractérisé par une attitude de passivité et de soumission allant jusqu'à l'infériorité et par des traits d'autisme et d'absence. — Dans leurs manifestations psychosociales et psychodynamiques, les transformations de personnalité précédant les troubles schizophréniques révèlent une fixation aux processus primaires et un développement insuffisant des processus secondaires à la suite d'un attachement prolongé à la famille autochtone. A ce Moi «défectueux» s'oppose un idéal du Moi fort. Un sens aberrant des valeurs transmis par la famille et un manque d'exemples de relations sociales adaptées à l'entourage entravent un développement satisfaisant de techniques de communication, à commencer par le mode de pensée, jusqu'aux schémas de réactions émotionnelles. — La psychose elle-même se manifeste en règle générale à une occasion qui doit être rapprochée dans la majorité des cas, pour les schizophrénies évolutives précoces d'une situation de contrainte provenant de l'évolution. — Il faut empêcher que dans la psychose devenue chronique, avec le statut du patient, la position prépsychotique de passivité et d'infériorité, c'est-à-dire la préservation régressive des conflits inconscients avec une défectuosité du Moi ne soit systématiquement maintenue à un niveau réduit. Par conséquent, le malade ne doit être ni coupé de ses possibilités sociales en tant que membre de la «sous-culture» aberrante d'une institution hospitalière, ni exposé sans protection à sortie de sa l'hôpital à l'attente illusoire et souvent très négative de la part de la société. — Minimiser les conflits intérieurs que cachent les symptômes ne conduit pas toujours à une adaptation sociale satisfaisante. Aussi la thérapie doit-elle ménager une revalorisation adaptée à l'entourage socio-culturel qui permette en même temps une réhabilitation dans la société. Elle doit remédier dans une certaine mesure au manque d'exemples de relations sociales, de techniques de communications émotionnelles et d'un mode de pensée, au moins dans les domaines vitaux les plus importants. Pour cela, un processus d'apprentissage social est nécessaire à côté des traitements somatiques et psychothérapiques, processus qui doit être doublé d'une réduction des relations pathogènes primaires et d'une action sur des facteurs pathogènes dans la société dans laquelle le malade se trouve replacé. On espère que le résultat consiste à permettre au patient de réaliser une part du développement de sa personnalité psycho-sociale et en même temps de faire régresser partiellement l'évolution schizophrénique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Orientiert an den Ergebnissen der empirischen Schizophrenieforschung und an eigenen Erfahrungen aus einer Spezialabteilung für frühmanifeste Prozeßschizophrenien, werden einige Modellvorstellungen als Grundlage eines systematischen Therapieprogrammes vorgetragen: Der manifesten Psychose gehen bei den frühmanifesten symptomarmen Prozessen in der Regel Persönlichkeitsveränderungen voraus, die sich in zwei Typen einteilen lassen: 1. Ein „pseudoneurotischer“ Typ weist eine spannungs- und konfliktreiche Kindheitsentwicklung mit deutlichen Trotz- und Protesthaltungen auf. 2. Ein „egopathischer« (Kisker) Typ ist durch Passivität und Gefügigkeit bis zur Inferiorität und durch autistisch-weltfremde Züge charakterisiert. — Die vorauslaufenden Persönlichkeitsveränderungen lassen, mit sozialpsychologischen und psychodynamischen Begriffen beschrieben, bei überdurchschnittlich lange währender Bindung an die Primärfamilie eine Fixierung an Primärprozesse und eine unzureichende Entwicklung der Sekundärprozesse erkennen. Diesem „Ich-Defekt“ steht eine starke Ideal-Ich-Position gegenüber. Eine von der Primärfamilie vermittelte aberrierende Wertorientierung und ein Mangel an umweltadäquaten sozialen Verhaltensmustern behindern die Entwicklung optimaler Kommunikationstechniken, angefangen vom Denkstil bis zu emotionellen Reaktionsschemata. — Die Psychose selbst wird in der Regel an einem Anlaß manifest, der bei den frühmanifesten symptomarmen Prozeßschizophrenien besonders häufig in einer zwangsläufig aus der Entwicklung hervorgehenden Situation zu suchen ist. — Es gilt zu verhindern, daß in der chronifizierten Psychose mit dem Patientenstatus die präpsychotische Passivitäts- oder Unterlegenheitsposition bzw. die regressive, mit einem Ich-Defekt einhergehende Abwehr der unbewältigten Konflikte auf reduziertem Niveau prozeßhaft fortgesetzt wird. Der Kranke darf deshalb weder als Mitglied der aberrierenden Subkultur einer Hospitalstation aus seinen sozialen Kompetenzen gelöst noch nach der Entlassung den oft sehr negativen Rollenerwartungen der Gesellschaft schutzlos preisgegeben werden. — Die Verminderung der hinter den Symptomen stehenden inneren Konflikte führt durchaus nicht immer zu einer befriedigenden sozialen Anpassung. Die Therapie muß darüber hinaus auch eine der soziokulturellen Umgebung adäquate Wertorientierung vermitteln, die zugleich eine befriedigende Selbstverwirklichung in der Gesellschaft ermöglicht. Sie soll den Mangel an sozialen Verhaltensmustern, emotionellen Kommunikationsweisen und angepaßtem Denkstil wenigstens in den wichtigsten Lebensbereichen einigermaßen ausgleichen. Dazu ist neben jeglicher Somato- und Psychotherapie ein Prozeß des sozialen Lernens nötig, der durch eine Reduzierung der pathogenen Primärbeziehungen und durch Einflußnahme auf pathogene Faktoren in der Gesellschaft — nach Entlassung des Kranken — unterstützt werden muß. Als hypothetische Folgerung ergibt sich die Hoffnung, durch einen solcherweise begründeten langfristigen Eingriff in die Lebensführung dieser Patienten ein Stück psychosozialer Persönlichkeitsentwicklung nachvollziehen zu lassen und zugleich ein Stück „schizophrenen Prozesses“ rückgängig zu machen.
    Notes: Summary Some principles for a systematic therapy of early process schizophrenia are put forward on the basis of previous empirical research and our own observations in a special ward. The earliest symptoms are usually personality changes which are of two types: (1) A “pseudoneurotic” type which develops out of childhood tensions and conflicts and in which attitudes of defiance and protest are predominant. (2) An “egopathic” (Kisker) type characterised by passivity, inadequacy and autism. — These premorbid personality changes indicate a fixation at the level of primary process and a poor development of secondary processes, often with an unusually long attachment to the primary family. The defective ego is confronted by a strong ego-ideal. The deviant value orientation acquired from the primary family, together with the behavioural inadequacy, impede the normal development of verbal and behavioural communication skills, ranging from styles of thinking to emotional reactions. Psychotic symptoms usually become manifest after precipitating events which can be understood as inevitable in the light of the whole development. — It is important to interrupt the passivity, inadequacy and regressive defences against unresolved conflicts which underlie the progress of the psychosis. However, the patient's status in a deviant hospital sub-culture must not be allowed to undermine his social competence but, at the same time, he must not be discharged, without support, to a community in which he will often find other people's attitudes negative and intolerant. — Reducing the internal conflicts which cause the symptoms does not always, in itself, produce a satisfactory social adjustment. Treatment must also be directed towards producing attitudes and values which are more appropriate to the socio-cultural environment in which the patient will have to live while, at the same time, allowing a satisfactory degree of self-expression. The patient has lacked models of normal social behaviour, emotional communication and styles of thinking and these deficiences must be made up. Treatment procedure must therefore include not only somatic and psychological, but also social measures designed to produce social learning, a decrease in pathogenic primary relationships and an improved ability to cope with social problems after discharge. — We tentatively suggest that, during the course of such a long-term therapy, the process of psycho-social development of personality will be speeded up while, at the same time, the “schizophrenic process” will be reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 1 (1967), S. 206-208 
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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