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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined processing of polypropylene film by coextrusion and zone-annealing (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 429-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene film, a new processing combining extrusion and zone-annealing has been applied. It was found that there are suitable conditions for each step in the combined processing. When the coextrusion draw ratio was low, the total draw ratio and modulus could be increased by the zone-annealing subsequently done. The highest modulus was obtained when the film was coextruded at extrusion draw ratio 4 and then zone-annealed at 120°C under 7 kg/mm2. The value was 12 GPa in Young's modulus or 17 GPa in dynamic modulus. The peak temperature of αc dynamic dispersion for the combinedly processed film was 109°C, which is higher by 10°C than that for the as-coextruded film. Four drawing methods were compared in dynamic viscoelasticity. These methods are the coextrusion, zone-drawing/zone-annealing, two-step coextrusion, and the combined processing by coextrusion and zone-annealing. The highest dynamic modulus for each method was arranged in the above order. The combined processing indicated the most effective improvement in mechanical properties, because it is believed that lamellae in the original film were broken by cooperating interaction of shear stress, compression, and tension on coextrusion and then the superstructure with a high crystallinity and a high molecular orientation was formed on zone-annealing.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430303
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of high-modulus poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers by vibrating hot drawing (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 713-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel drawing method, vibrating hot drawing, was successfully applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber, which has a normal molecular weight (IV = 0.7 dL/g) and was prepared by melt spinning. The process was divided into three steps, with differing conditions in drawing temperature, applied tension, vibrating frequency, and amplitude. The drawing temperature and vibration frequency were decided by considering the αa dispersion of the polymer. In spite of a low draw ratio (7.7) and a low crystallinity (0.55), the birefringence and dynamic storage modulus at room temperature of the 3rd-step fiber reached 0.260 and 36 GPa, respectively. The modulus remains at a high level at elevated temperatures, for example, 29 GPa at 100°C and 17 GPa at 200°C. Further, it was found from temperature and intensity of the αa dispersion peak that the movements of amorphous chains are strongly inhibited. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of high-modulus and high-strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) film by zone-annealing method (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 429-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The zone-annealing method was attempted to prepare high-modulus and high-strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film. The film having Young′s modulus of 14.5 × 1010 dyn/cm2 and a tensile strength of 86.9 kg/mm2 in the drawing direction was obtained. These values correspond to four times those of a biaxial-stretched PET film available commercially. The dyanmic viscoelastic properties also were measured. The dynamic storage modulus was 15.4 × 1010 dyn/cm2 at room temperature, and a high value of 3.6 × 1010 dyn/cm2 even at 200°C. The latter value is slightly higher than the room temperature modulus of the commercially available film. From the intensity and temperature position of α-dispersion E″ peak, it was suggested that the amorphous chains in the zone-annealed film was densely packed in a highly oriented state. Furthermore, the crystallinity, orientation, especially double orientation, and molecular chain conformation of the films in the zone-annealing process are discussed in the present paper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310211
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of high-modulus and high-strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber by zone annealing (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To prepare high-modulus and high-strength PET fiber, a new method using zone drawing and zone annealing has been studied. The apparatus used for this method is the usual tensile tester equipped with a band heater 2 mm wide and a sample holder which can apply a high tension to the fiber. The experimental procedure consists of two stages: zone drawing and zone annealing. The zone drawing was done on the original as-spun fiber in order to produce a fiber with as high an orientation and as low a crystallinity as possible. The zone-drawn fiber was subsequently zone annealed under high tension by moving the band heater from one end to the other of the fiber at a temperature above the crystallization temperature at a considerably low moving speed. In spite of the simple apparatus and procedure, Young's modulus of the fiber obtained was 19.4 × 1010 dyn/cm2, which is comparable to the maximum value of the high-tenacity PET filament commercially available. In order to elucidate the change in the superstructure with zone drawing or zone annealing, optical, x-ray, IR, DSC, and dynamic mechanical measurements were performed. It is suggested that the zone-annealed fiber consists of almost perfectly oriented crystallites and fully extended amorphous chains.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260120
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties and superstructure of high-modulus and high-strength PET fiber prepared by zone annealing (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1951-1960 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between mechanical properties and superstructure of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber prepared by a new annealing method called zone annealing method were investigated. The effectiveness of zone annealing was compared with three other annealing methods, namely, annealing under release, annealing at constant length, and annealing under tension. The very high modulus and strength of the zone-annealed fiber were directly attributed to the large number of tie molecules connecting the crystallites and to the high orientation of the amorphous region.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260619
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in dynamic modulus of nylon 6 fiber in repeated heating and cooling cycles under sinusoidal deformation (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 803-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Nylon 6 fiber, increase of dynamic modulus of ; viscoelasticity measurement and increase in modulus of nylon 6 ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The repeated heating and cooling cycles under sinusoidal deformation have been investigated on nylon 6 fibers. The fibers zone-drawn twice at high temperatures were used, which have a crystallinity of 52.2% and a birefringence of 59.4×10-3. The heating and cooling cycle was performed twice at a frequency of 110 Hz over a temperature range from 0°C to 180°C and 190°C. The crystallinity and birefringence of the treated fiber were 51.7% and 60.7×10-3, respectively, indicating almost no changes in molecular orientation and crystallinity. However, the dynamic modulus, E′, increased steadily over whole temperature range measured. Finally, the E′ value reached 21 GPa at room temperature and 10 GPa ever at 180°C. The elongation of fiber after two cycles was only about 5%. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090310708
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the high-tension multiannealing to nylon 46 fibers (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2737-2743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: high-temperature zone-drawing ; high-tension multiannealing ; nylon 46 fiber ; high-modulus ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 46 fibers produced by the high-temperature zone-drawing treatment were treated by repeating high-tension annealing treatments, that is, a high-tension multiannealing (HTMA) treatment to improve their tensile properties. The HTMA treatment was carried out at a repetition time of 10 times and treating temperature of 110°C under high tension (538.2 MPa) close to the tensile strength at break. Although the HTMA treatment was carried out at 110°C, which is much lower than the crystallization temperature of 265°C for nylon 46, the degree of crystallinity increased up to 59%. The orientation factor of crystallites increased dramatically up to 0.949 by the first high-temperature zone-drawing treatment and slightly during the subsequent treatments. This observation indicated that the orientation of crystallites due to slippage among molecular chains did not occur during the HTMA treatment. The treatments shifted the melting peak to slightly higher temperatures, and the HTMA fiber has a melting endotherm peaking at 285°C. The fiber obtained finally had a storage modulus of 12.5 GPa at 25°C. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2737-2743, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of continuous zone-drawing/zone-annealing method to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 473-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: PET fiber ; continuous zone-drawing/zone-annealing ; high-modulus ; mechanical properties ; microstructure ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A continuous zone-drawing/zone-annealing method was applied to poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in order to improve their mechanical properties. Apparatus used for this treatment was assembled in our laboratory. The continuous zone-drawing treatment was carried out at a drawing temperature of 103°C under an applied tension of 6.6 MPa to fully orient amorphous chains in the drawing direction without inducing thermal crystallization. The continuous zone-annealing treatment was carried out twice at an annealing temperature of 160°C under 102.2 MPa and at 183°C under 161.1 MPa to crystallize the highly oriented amorphous chains. The fiber was continuously drawn and annealed at a rate of 420 mm/min. The fiber obtained had a birefringence of 0.260, a degree of crystallinity of 55%, a tensile modulus of 18 GPa, and a storage modulus of 21 GPa at 25°C. Despite the large difference in the treating speed between the continuous zone-annealing and zone-annealing, their values are approximately equal to those of the zone-annealed PET fiber that was reported previously. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 473-481, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of zone-drawing and zone-annealing method to poly(p-phenylene sulfide) fibers (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 1731-1738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(p-phenylene sulfide) fiber ; zone-drawing ; zone-annealing ; mechanical properties ; DSC thermogram ; viscoelastic properties ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A zone-drawing and zone-annealing treatment was applied to poly(p-phenylene sulfide) fibers in order to improve their mechanical properties. The zone-drawing (ZD) was carried out at a drawing temperature of 90°C under an applied tension of 5.5 MPa, and the zone-annealing (ZA) was carried out at an annealing temperature of 220°C under 138.0 MPa. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of the ZD fiber had a broad exothermic transition (Tc = 110°C) attributed to cold-crystallization and a melting endotherm peaking at 286°C. The Tc of the ZD fiber was lower than that (Tc = 128°C) of the undrawn fiber. In the temperature dependence of storage modulus (E′) for the ZD fiber, the E′ values decreased with increasing temperature, but increased slightly in the temperature range of 90-100°C, and decreased again. The slight increase in E′ was attributable to the additional increase in the crosslink density of the network, which was caused by strain-induced crystallization during measurement. The resulting ZA fiber had a draw ratio of 6.0, a degree of crystallinity of 38%, a tensile modulus of 8 GPa, and a tensile strength of 0.7 GPa. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 1731-1738, 1998
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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