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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water quality in a closed recirculating fish culture system influenced by addition of a carbon source in relation to feed uptake by fish (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In a closed recirculating fish culture system with a rotating disc filter serving as ‘biofilter”, waterquality was maintained by the addition of hydrolysed corn starch in the settable solids tank. According to the feed uptake by rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri Richardson, starch was introduced to adjust a nutrient relation of organic C:N of 1·6:1 for the bacterial biomass. Trout grew from 42 g to 254 g in body weight in 118 days. No differences in feed uptake and feed conversion rate were observed in a control group held in a flow-through system with tap water as culture medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1988.tb00429.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical approaches to the study of plant-fungal interactions in arbuscular mycorrhiza (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 919-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; abscisic acid ; carotenoid ; Glomus ; nitrate reductase ; mycorradicin ; sterols ; yellow pigment in mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This communication compares some biochemical methods for quantifying colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The degree of mycorrhizal colonization can conveniently be measured by determining fungal specific sterols. AM-colonized plants show a specific synthesis of 24-methylene cholesterol and an enhanced level of campesterol (=24-methyl cholesterol). A gene probe for nitrate reductase, the key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation, has been developed, which allows the monitoring of the distribution of this enzyme in fungi. Among the phytohormones tested, only abscisic acid (ABA) is found at a considerably higher level in AM-colonized plants than in controls. The concentration of ABA is about twenty times higher in spores and hyphae of the AM fungusGlomus than in maize roots. Other phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins) do not show such alterations after mycorrhizal colonization. The roots of gramineous plants become yellow as a result of mycorrhizal colonization. The yellow pigment(s) formed is (are) deposited in larger quantities in the vacuole(s) of the root parenchyma and endodermis cells during the development of the gramineous plants. A substance isolated from such roots has now been identified as a C-14 carotenoid with two carboxylic groups, and named mycorradicin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923479
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decreased hepatic glucagon responses in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 521-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus ; Glucagon ; Hepatic glucose production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of glucagon infusion on hepatic glucose production during euglycaemia was evaluated in seven Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and in ten control subjects. In the diabetic subjects normoglycaemia was maintained during the night preceding the study by a variable intravenous insulin and glucose infusion. During the study endogenous insulin secretion was suppressed by somatostatin (450 μg/h) and replaced by insulin infusion (0.15 mU·kg−1·min−1). 3H-glucose was infused for isotopic determination of glucose turnover. Plasma glucose was clamped at 5 mmol/1 for 2 h 30 min and glucagon (1.5 ng· kg−1·min−1) was then infused for the following 3 h. Hepatic glucose production and glucose utilisation were measured during the first, second and third hour of the glucagon infusion. Basal hepatic glucose production (just prior to glucagon infusion) was similar in diabetic (1.2±0.3 mg·kg−1·min−1) and control (1.6±0.1 mg·kg−1·min−1) subjects. In diabetic patients hepatic glucose production rose slowly to 2.1±0.5 mg·kg−1·min−1 during the first hours of glucagon infusion and stabilized at this level (2.4±0.5 mg·kg−1·min−1) in the third hour. In control subjects hepatic glucose production increased sharply to higher levels than in the diabetic subjects (3.4±0.3 mg·kg−1·min−1) during the first and second hour of glucagon infusion (p〈0.05) and then gradually fell (2.9±0.4 mg·kg−1·min−1) during the third hour. In conclusion, when stimulated with glucagon at a physiologic plasma concentration diabetic patients had 1) an overall reduced hepatic glucose production response and 2) an abnormal sluggish response pattern. These abnormalities may imply inappropriate counter-regulation following a hypoglycaemic episode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403290
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal function and insulin sensitivity during simvastatin treatment in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 1079-1086 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; microalbuminuria ; glomerular filtration rate ; plasma lipoproteins ; insulin sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of simvastatin (10–20 mg/day) on kidney function, urinary albumin excretion rate and insulin sensitivity was evaluated in 18 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and moderate hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol ≥5.5 mmol·l−1). In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled design treatment with simvastatin (n=8) for 36 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol (6.7±0.3 vs 5.1 mmol·l−1 (p〈0.01)), LDL-cholesterol (4.4±0.3 vs 2.9±0.2 mmol·l−1 (p〈0.001)) and apolipoprotein B (1.05±0.04 vs 0.77±0.02 mmol·l−1 (p〈0.01)) levels as compared to placebo (n=10). Both glomerular filtration rate (mean±SEM) (simvastatin: 96.6±8.0 vs 96.0±5.7 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2, placebo: 97.1±6.7 vs 88.8±6.0 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2) (NS) and urinary albumin excretion rate (geometric mean x/÷ antilog SEM) (simvastatin: 18.4x/÷1.3vs 16.2 x/÷1.2 μg·min−1, placebo 33.1 x/÷ 1.3 vs 42.7 x/÷ 1.3 μg·min−1)(NS) were unchanged during the study. A euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp was performed at baseline and after 18 weeks in seven simvastatin-and nine placebo-treated patients. Isotopically determined basal and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was similarly reduced before and during therapy in both the simvastatin (2.0±0.1 vs 1.9±0.1 (NS) and 3.1±0.6 vs 3.1±0.7 mg·kg−1·min−1 (NS)) and the placebo group (1.9±0.1 vs 1.8±0.1 (NS) and 4.1±0.6 vs 3.8±0.2 mg·kg−1·min−1 (NS)). No different was observed in glucose storage or glucose and lipid oxidation before and after treatment. Further, the suppression of hepatic glucose production during hyperinsulinaemia was not influenced by simvastatin (−0.7±0.8 vs −0.7±0.5 mg·kg−1·min−1 (NS)). In conclusion, despite marked improvement in the dyslipidaemia simvastatin had no impact on kidney function or urinary albumin excretion rate and did not reduce insulin resistance in these microalbuminuric and moderately hypercholesterolaemic Type 2 diabetic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374502
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve conduction velocity in man: influence of glucose, somatostatin and electrolytes (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 1216-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; diabetic neuropathy ; electrolytes ; hyperglycaemia ; nerve conduction ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insufficient metabolic control in diabetes mellitus is associated with a reversible reduction in nerve conduction velocity, but the mechanism behind this phenomenon is unknown. To examine the effect of acute hyperglycaemia on nerve conduction eight non-diabetic men (20–49 years of age) with no signs of peripheral neuropathy were studied before and after 3 h of hyperglycaemic clamping (plasma glucose ≈ 15 mmol/l), while insulin secretion was suppressed by somatostatin [Study 1]. Nerve conduction velocity, as determined in the proximal part of the median nerve, fell by 2.8±3.0 m/s (2p-value: 0.033). However, during euglycaemic clamping (plasma glucose ≈ 5 mmol/l) in five non-diabetic men (19–38 years of age) infused solely with somatostatin [Study 2], a comparable decrement in nerve conduction velocity was found (1.7±1.3 m/s, 2p-value: 0.043). In both studies relative hypoinsulinaemia was present. Serum-sodium decreased significantly (143±1 mmol/l vs 137±1 mmol/l [Study 1] and 143±1 mmol/l vs 142±2 mmol/l [Study 2]), while serum-potassium increased. In conclusion, the slight but significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity observed in both studies appears to be correlated to electrolyte changes. However, an effect of hypersomatostatinaemia or the hormonal changes associated with this cannot be excluded, while short-term hyperglycaemia per se seems to be without effect on nerve conduction velocity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399795
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential glycaemic effects of potato, rice and spaghetti in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients at constant insulinaemia (1986)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 358-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; blood glucose ; artificial pancreas ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood glucose responses to cooked potato, rice and spaghetti were studied in six Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients who had attained euglycaemia by the artificial pancreas prior to the meal intake. The amount of potato (raw weight 200 g), parboiled rice (raw weight 50 g), and spaghetti (raw weight 50 g) had approximately identical caloric content (range 203–225 kcal) and amount of available carbohydrate (range 39.4–43.4g). The postprandial blood glucose response areas after cooked potato and cooked parboiled rice were similar (180 min values: cooked potato: 1190 ±110 mmol/l x min, cooked rice: 1160 ± 140 mmol/l x min and 240min values: cooked potato: 1690 ± 140 mmol/l x min, cooked rice: 1740 ± 210 mmol/l x min). In contrast, the response after cooked spaghetti was slower and less pronounced (180 min value: 830 ± 80 mmol/1 x min and 240 min value: 1320 ± 120 mmol/1 x min), and was significantly smaller than those of cooked potato (180 min: 2p 〈 0.01 and 240 min: 2p 〈 0.01) as well as cooked rice (180 min: 2p 〈 0.01 and 240 min: 2p 〈 0.02). Our study emphasizes the importance of determining the glycaemic response of foodstuffs under conditions of isoinsulinaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00903344
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basal and insulin stimulated substrate metabolism in tumour induced hypoglycaemia; evidence for increased muscle glucose uptake (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose turnover ; forearm technique ; intermediary metabolites ; euglycaemic and hypoglycaemic glucose clamp ; indirect calorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary While it has very recently been reported that tumour induced hypoglycaemia is characterised by elevated production of insulin-like growth factor 2, the tissues responsible for induction of hypoglycaemia are largely unknown. We have investigated a patient with a large retroperitoneal mass and spontaneous hypoglycaemia. When compared to a reference population the patient displayed: (1) An increased glucose disposal rate and a five-fold elevation of forearm glucose uptake. (2) A decreased endogenous glucose production rate. (3) Decreased circulating levels of lipid intermediates. (4) Increased glucose oxidation and decreased lipid oxidation. (5) Low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and normal levels of insulin-like growth factor 1. (6) Normal insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic glucose clamp). Blood concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, glucagon, growth hormone and catecholamines were within normal range, but the growth hormone response to hypoglycaemia was blunted. The data suggest that the mechanisms behind tumour induced hypoglycaemia are of systemic nature and that the tissue most prominently affected is striated muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404019
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity, but peripheral insulin resistance in patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes (1987)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 30 (1987), S. 834-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes ; insulin sensitivity ; insulin resistance ; glucose utilization ; hepatic glucose production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sensitivity to insulin in vivo was studied in 8 normal weight C-peptide negative Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (age 23±1 years, diabetes duration 6±2 years), and in 8 age, weight and sex matched healthy subjects, using the euglycaemic clamp and 3-3H-glucose tracer technique. Prior to the study diabetic patients were maintained normoglycaemic overnight by a glucose controlled insulin infusion. Sequential infusions of insulin in 3 periods of 2 h resulted in mean steady state insulin levels of 12±2 versus 11±1, 18±2 versus 18±2 and 28±3 versus 24±2 μU/ml in diabetic patients and control subjects. Corresponding glucose utilization rates were 2.4±0.2 versus 2.4±0.1, 2.4±0.2 versus 3.0±0.3 and 2.9±0.3 versus 4.6±O.6 mg·kg−1·min−1, p〈0.02. Portal insulin values in the three periods were calculated to 12±2 versus 25±3, 18±2 versus 32±3 and 28±3 versus 37±3 μU/ml in the diabetic patients and control subjects using peripheral insulin and C-peptide concentrations and assuming a portal to peripheral insulin concentration gradient of 1 in diabetic patients and of 2.4 in control subjects. Corresponding glucose production rates were 2.5±0.2 versus 2.4±0.1, 1.6±0.1 versus 0.9±0.2 and 0.7±0.1 versus 0.4±0.2 mg·kg−1·min−1. Using this approach the insulin dose-response curve for the peripheral glucose utilization was right-ward shifted, while the dose-response curve for the hepatic glucose production as a function of portal insulin levels was left-ward shifted. We conclude that in vivo insulin action is increased in the liver but decreased in peripheral tissues in insulin treated Type 1 diabetic patients. Presumably these oppositely directed changes in insulin action are acquired defects, secondary to the present mode of peripheral insulin treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274790
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo insulin action and muscle glycogen synthase activity in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: effects of diet treatment (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 777-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin resistance ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; hyperinsulinaemic clamp ; indirect calorimetry ; forearm glucose uptake ; muscle ; glycogen synthase ; insulin receptor kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin resistant glucose metabolism is a key element in the pathogenesis of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance may be of both primary (genetic) and secondary (metabolic) origin. Before and after diet-induced improvement of glycaemic control seven obese patients with newly-diagnosed Type 2 diabetes were studied with the euglycaemic clamp technique in combination with indirect calorimetry and forearm glucose balance. Muscle biopsies were obtained in the basal state and again after 3 h of hyperinsulinaemia (200 mU/l) for studies of insulin receptor and glycogen synthase activities. Similar studies were performed in seven matched control subjects. Insulin-stimulated glucose utilization improved from 110±11 to 183±23 mg·m−2·min−1 (p〈0.03); control subjects: 219+23 mg·m−2·min−1 (p=NS, vs post-diet Type 2 diabetes). Nonoxidative glucose disposal increased from 74±17 to 138+19 mg·m−2·min−1 (p〈0.03), control subjects: 159±22 mg· m−2·m−1 (p=NS, vs post-diet Type 2 diabetic patients). Forearm blood glucose uptake during hyperinsulinaemia increased from 1.58±0.54 to 3.35±0.23 μmol·l−1·min−1 (p〈0.05), control subjects: 2.99±0.86 μmol·l−1·min−1 (p=NS, vs post-diet Type 2 diabetes). After diet therapy the increase in insulin sensitivity correlated with reductions in fasting plasma glucose levels (r=0.97, p〈0.001), reductions in serum fructosamine (r=0.77, p〈0.05), and weight loss (r=0.78, p〈0.05). Values of muscle glycogen synthase sensitivity to glucose 6-phosphate (A0.5 for glucose 6-phosphate) were similar in the basal state. However, insulin stimulation of glycogen synthase was more pronounced after diet treatment (A0.5: 0.43±0.06 (before) vs 0.30±0.04 mmol/l (after); p〈0.03; control subjects: 0.22±0.03 mmol/l). Muscle insulin receptor binding and kinase activity were similar before and after diet treatment and comparable to values in the control group. The data suggest that impaired insulin stimulation of in vivo glucose turn-over and muscle glycogen synthase activity tend to be restored during successful diet treatment of patients with Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429100
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve conduction velocity in man: influence of glucose, somatostatin and electrolytes (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 1216-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes ; diabetic neuropathy ; electrolytes ; hyperglycaemia ; nerve conduction ; somatostatin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insufficient metabolic control in diabetes mellitus is associated with a reversible reduction in nerve conduction velocity, but the mechanism behind this phenomenon is unknown. To examine the effect of acute hyperglycaemia on nerve conduction eight non-diabetic men (20–49 years of age) with no signs of peripheral neuropathy were studied before and after 3 h of hyperglycaemic clamping (plasma glucose ≈ 15 mmol/l), while insulin secretion was suppressed by somatostatin [Study 1]. Nerve conduction velocity, as determined in the proximal part of the median nerve, fell by 2.8 ± 3.0 m/s (2p-value: 0.033). However, during euglycaemic clamping (plasma glucose ≈ 5 mmol/l) in five non-diabetic men (19–38 years of age) infused solely with somatostatin [Study 2], a comparable decrement in nerve conduction velocity was found (1.7 ± 1.3 m/s, 2p-value: 0.043). In both studies relative hypoinsulinaemia was present. Serum-sodium decreased significantly (143 ± 1 mmol/l vs 137 ± 1 mmol/l [Study 1] and 143 ± 1 mmol/l vs 142 ± 2 mmol/l [Study 2]), while serum-potassium increased. In conclusion, the slight but significant reduction in nerve conduction velocity observed in both studies appears to be correlated to electrolyte changes. However, an effect of hypersomatostatinaemia or the hormonal changes associated with this cannot be excluded, while short-term hyperglycaemia per se seems to be without effect on nerve conduction velocity. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 1216–1220]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399795
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