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Notes: Summary A random population sample of Northern Germany (Hamburg), consisting of 2026 individuals, has shown a GPT1 frequency of 0.53. There is a good agreement with other results reported before.

Notes: This contribution intends to discuss the question whether econometrics indeed conform to the methodological demands, outlined by Popper in his Logic of Scientific Discovery for empirical research. Part I deals shortly with the goals and methods of econometrics. It is then argued that the falsification criterion can be used on stochastic hypotheses in a moderated version only, not in the stringent form as postulated by Popper (Part II). This necessitates, however, that tautologies, contrary to common practise, be ruled out. Using the Cobb-Douglas-function as an example it is shown that it is possible in econometrics to exempt an originally non-circular concept from testing by introducing a residue variable and so rendering in effect a tautology (Part III). Finally, the question whether aggregate data of macro-economic surveys meet the validity criterion is discussed and negated (Part IV).

Notes: [Auszug] I suggest a different approach which avoids most of the shortcomings of the traditional method and which could lead to an accurate determination of the H2 : He ratio on Jupiter. This approach makes use of the timing of the "spikes" or intensity anomalies that have been observed and does not depend ...

Notes: Summary The demonstrability of isozyme polymorphisms adenylate kinase, adenosine deaminase and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase from stored bloodstains was studied. Bloodstains from individuals with known and with unknown phenotypes were investigated. A special method for preparation is given. Samples were separated by a simultaneous electrophoretic method. Limits for identification were different and found four weeks for PGD, five months for ADA and at least eleven months for AK. AK isozymes and sometimes ADA isozymes were detected in older bloodstains.

Notes: Summary A method is given for determining red cell acid phosphatase types in stored blood stains and blood samples. The time limits for determination in stored blood stains (20–25° C) vary from 6–8 weeks. In stored blood samples (4° C) the periods for determination were found to be approximately 15 months. The devised method has some advantages compared with conventional methods.

Notes: Summary It is reported on the use of five red cell enzyme polymorphisms in forensic serology. Acid Photophatase. Some electrophoretic methods are given, classifiable roughly into three categories of isozyme patterns. Available physico-chemical properties are reported. Recent data suggest that the two isozymes, produced by one allele are conformational isomers. Gene frequencies in european populations show certain north-to-south differences that sould be accomodated on, if the probability of the paternity has to be calculated. From the present literature 4151 mother/child pairs are summarized without exception of the postulated gene model. The constellation of exclusion “child-homozygous, accused man—oppositely homozygous”, should be reinvestigated by quantitative gene dosage measurements to exclude the existence of the P0 allele. Discrepant data are available on the literature about the use in identification cases of bloodstains and bloodsamples. These problems need further clarification by more sensitive procedures. Phosphoglucomutase. Electrophoretic methods and physicochemical properties are reported. Gene frequencies in several populations are given. Certain north-to-south differences between european populations should be taken into account. 4966 mother/child pairs have been summarized from the literature without genetic incompatibility. The existence of the PGM 1 0 allele should be considered too when an opinion is given on exclusion cases with opposite homozygosis. There is a good chance in bloodstain and blood sample identification cases to determine this enzyme after considerable time of storage. 6-Phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase. A designation with letters only is used for the different genes and Phenotypes. Methods for the electrophoretic separation and enzyme's physicochemical properties are given. Differences of gene frequencies between northern and southern european populations have to be considered in paternity proceedings. 933 mother/child pairs have been reported in the literature without any irregularities. As exclusion cases will occur mostly, when the child is heterozygous (AB) and the accused man homozygous (A), there is a high degree of reliability, when one has to give an opinion on this constellation. The identification in stored bloodstains is possible up to 4 weeks. Adenosine Deaminase. Methods of determination and the physico-chemical properties are described. It is pointed out to the rather quick changes of patterns that occur on storage. For gene frequencies in european populations there seems to be present a north-to-south trend. 1600 mother/child pairs have been published without exception of the mendelian rules. According to the PGD-system the normal exclusion cases should be judged to be reliable. The determination of this enzyme in bloodstains is possible after considerable time of storage. Adenylate Kinase. Some methods of determination and the properties of the enzyme are reported. Gene frequencies in most european populations are rather homogeneous. 1510 mother/child pairs are available on the literature. Normal exclusion cases (heterozygous child, homozygous man) should be judged to be reliable. Identification in stored blood samples and in stains is possible after long time storage. Some other red cell enzyme polymorphisms are shortly reported too.

Notes: Summary The presence of the Y chromosome in human interphase nuclei as a fluorescent body is demonstrated by using quinacrine dihydrochloride as stain. In 51 fresh (up to 4 weeks old) blood stains examined the proportion of cells showing the Y body varied between 12.5 and 50%. In older blood stains, stored at room temperature, a male index could be observed up to 28 months of storage time. Sex of skin cells that were scraped off from ten dead bodies was identified also. Counting of Y bodies of hair foot cells of the head and of the pudendum gave unequivocal results in 31 individuals tested. The scope in the different forensic fields is discussed. It is concluded that the new method can be used by an experienced investigator as a reliable tool in stain identification cases.

Notes: Summary 24 fractures in 15 patients with neurological diseases have been described. The necessity of making a neurological examination, before treating the fracture, is emphasized. The usual treatment methods for fractures cannot always be applied to these patients. According to the type of neurological deficiency, dermatological, circulatory or skeletal complications can occur. In many cases only stabilisation by internal fixation guarantees mobilisation and a complication free healing process for the patient.

Notes: Summary The enzymic activity and the densitometric parameters of the red cell phosphoglucomutase are investigated on a randomly selected sample of blood donors and on three families showing opposite homozygous PGM1 types of mother and child. The range of variability of the data is calculated and compared to those of the propositi. From the results it is concluded that opposite types in the mother/child-pairs are due to the existence of the silent allele PGM 1 0 . In order to exclude the silent allele in forensic cases, showing opposite types of man and child, the application of several methods is suggested. Another family shows rather weak cathodic isozymes corresponding to PGM 1 8 , but only about 20–30% as intensive as these. The existence of a new allele PGM 1 8 w is discussed.