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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Chemical carcinogens ; List of MAK and BAT values ; Cancer risk ; carcinogen classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carcinogenic chemicals in the work area were previously classified into three categories in section III of the German List of MAK and BAT values (the list of values on maximum workplace concentrations and bio‐logical tolerance for occupational exposures). This classification was based on qualitative criteria and reflected essentially the weight of evidence available for judging the carcinogenic potential of the chemicals. In the new classification scheme the former sections IIIA1, IIIA2, and IIIB are retained as categories 1, 2, and 3, to correspond with European Union regulations. On the basis of our advancing knowledge of reaction mechanisms and the potency of carcinogens, these three categories are supplemented with two additional categories. The essential feature of substances classified in the new categories is that exposure to these chemicals does not contribute significantly to the risk of cancer to man, provided that an appropriate exposure limit (MAK value) is observed. Chemicals known to act typically by non-genotoxic mechanisms, and for which information is available that allows evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposures, are classified in category 4. Genotoxic chemicals for which low carcinogenic potency can be expected on the basis of dose/response relationships and toxicokinetics and for which risk at low doses can be assessed are classified in category 5. The basis for a better differentiation of carcinogens is discussed, the new categories are defined, and possible criteria for classification are described. Examples for category 4 (1,4-dioxane) and category 5 (styrene) are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 96 (1980), S. 243-257 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Agarose-Gelelektrophorese ; Carcinogen-modifizierte superhelikale DNA ; Agarose gel electrophoresis ; Carcinogen-modified superhelical DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Superhelical DNA of the Pseudomonas phage PM2 was irradiated with UV-light or reacted with covalently binding carcinogens, such as 7-bromomethyl-benz[a]anthracene, (Ac)2ONFln, K-region epoxides, and alkylating agents. Migration velocity of the DNA products was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. In gels of more than 1.3%–1.9% agarose, modified PM2 DNA exhibited a dose-(concentration-)dependent decrease of migration velocity. This phenomenon is probably due to a decrease in superhelix density which caused the compact DNA coil to assume eventually an open-circular conformation. Comparison of the extent of DNA modification with the decrease of migration velocity revealed that the superhelical structure sensitively reflected the chemical DNA alterations. DNA species exhibiting, in 1.6% agarose gels, a migration velocity of up to 30% of that of control DNA showed an increase of velocity in 0.4% agarose. Therefore, in 1.3%–1.9% agarose gels, the decrease of superhelix density is accompanied by an increase of the frictional coefficient, whereas in 0.4%–0.9% agarose gels the same decrease of superhelix density apparently led to a higher degree of flexibility of the macromolecule and/or exposure of additional electric charges.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die superhelikale DNA des Pseudomonas Phagen PM2 wurde mit Ultraviolettlicht bestrahlt oder mit kovalent bindenden Carcinogenen wie 7-Brommethyl-benz[a]anthrazen, (Ac)2 ONFln, K-Region Expoxiden und Alkylantien umgesetzt. Mittels Gelelektrophorese wurde die Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit der DNA-Produkte bestimmt. In Trenngelen mit einem Agarosegehalt von 1,3–1,9% nahm die Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit der DNA mit steigender Modifikationsdichte (steigenden Carcinogen-Konzentrationen bzw. UV-Dosen) ab. Dieses Phänomen ist wahrscheinlich darauf zurückführen, daß die DNA-Modifikation eine Abnahme der Superhelix-Dichte bewirkte, im Zuge derer das ursprünglich kompakte, geknäuelte DNA-Molekül schließlich eine offen-zirkuläre Konformation annahm. Ein Vergleich der DNA-Modifikationsdichte mit der damit verbundenen Abnahme der Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit machte deutlich, daß der Grad der Superhelizität sehr empfindlich mit den chemischen DNA-Veränderungen variierte. DNA-Proben, die in 1.6%igen Agarosegelen eine Wanderungsverzögerung bis zu 70% der Kontroll-DNA zeigten, liefen in 0.4%igen Trenngelen merkwürdigerweise schneller als die Kontrollen. Somit ist in Trenngelen von einem 1,3–1,9igen Agarosegehalt die Abnahme der Superhelix-Dichte von einer Zunahme des Reibungskoeffizienten begleitet; dagegen scheint in 0,4–0,9%igen Agarosegelen dieselbe Abnahme der Superhelix-Dichte zu einer höheren Flexibilität des Makromoleküls und/oder der Freisetzung zusätzlicher elektrischer Ladungen zu führen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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