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  • Electronic Resource  (32)
  • Guinea-pig  (14)
  • Neuropeptides  (8)
  • Somatostatin  (6)
  • Gastrointestinal tract  (4)
  • Guinea-pig ileum  (4)
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  • Electronic Resource  (32)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of noradrenaline and somatostatin on basal and stimulated mucosal ion transport in the guinea-pig small intestine (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Enteric neurons ; Mucosal transport ; Noradrenaline ; Somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Noradrenaline (NA) and somatostatin (SOM) stimulate intestinal water and ion absorption and are found in mucosal nerve fibres and nerve terminals in submucous ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine. As the main projection of submucous neurons is to the mucosa, NA and SOM might alter mucosal transport either by a direct effect on the epithelium or indirectly, by affecting submucous neurons. In this study these two possible sites of action of NA and SOM have been investigated in mucosa-submucosa preparations of guinea-pig ileum. In addition, the actions of NA and SOM on the secretory responses caused by stimulation of different populations of submucous neurons have been studied. The stimulants of secretion used were a nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP, 10−5 M), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10−7 M) and electrical field stimulation (EFS), which activate cholinergic, noncholinergic and mixed populations of submucous secretomotor neurons, respectively. Segments of intestine were dissected free of external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (I sc) was measured as an indication of net active ion transport across the tissue. NA (≥10−8 M) and SOM (〉10−10 M) each caused a decrease in I sc, indicating a net increase in ion absorption. The NA response was abolished and the magnitude of the SOM response was reduced to 20% by tetrodotoxin (10−7 M). DMPP, 5-HT and EFS each stimulated nerves that increased I sc and each of these responses was significantly diminished by NA and SOM; for both NA and SOM the decrease in the DMPP response was significantly greater than the decrease observed in the response to carbachol (10−6 M). Phentolamine (10−6 M) abolished all of the effects of NA but caused no change in the SOM effects. These studies have shown that NA and SOM cause similar changes in net ion transport, that their actions are primarily on submucous secretomotor neurons and that NA and SOM can diminish the responses to stimulation of both cholinergic and noncholinergic submucous neurons. In this tissue it is also known that SOM coexists with NA in noradrenergic nerve terminals in the submucosa. However, when applied together, NA and SOM caused no greater decrement in the carbachol and 5-HT responses than would be predicted by adding the separate effects of NA and SOM. Hence there was no obvious interaction between NA and SOM effects on mucosal transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Branching patterns and projections of enteric neurons containing different putative transmitters
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 2 (1981), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Noradrenaline ; Somatostatin ; Substance P
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(81)90022-X
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distributions and coexistence of peptides in nerve fibres of large bowel affected by Hirschsprung's disease (1991)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 6 (1991), S. 322-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Coexistence ; Hirschsprung's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distributions of nerve fibres immunoreactive for the peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), enkephalin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied in healthy colon and samples of ganglionic and aganglionic colon from cases of proven Hirschsprung's disease. Studies of coexistence of reactivities in nerve fibres were performed to predict the possible origins of fibres that are found in the aganglionic bowel, e. g., from sensory or sympathetic ganglia. The muscularis externa of the ganglionic colon contained many nerve fibres immunoreactive for ENK, SP, and VIP, fewer for NPY, and only rare fibres reactive for CGRP, SOM, or TH. In ganglionic colon reactivities for SP and ENK coexisted in nerve fibres in the muscularis externa but in aganglionic colon no ENK immunoreactivity was found and most SP fibres were double-labelled with CGRP reactivity, indicating their probable sensory nature. Abnormally increased numbers of somatostatin-reactive fibres and noradrenergic fibres (marked by TH) were noted in the external muscle, but no coexistence was seen between these reactivities and only a small proportion of the noradrenergic fibres in the muscle showed NPY reactivity although almost all around blood vessels did. Many fibres in the diseased segment had coexistence of NPY and VIP reactivities; these may arise from more orally located intrinsic cell bodies or from pelvic parasympathetic ganglia. In the mucosa of aganglionic colon there was a striking lack of SP-reactive fibres while other fibre types were often normal in number. It is concluded that nerve fibres from sensory ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, nerve cells located more oral in the ganglionated part, and possibly from pelvic parasympathetic ganglia invade the aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178648
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ramifications of adrenergic nerve terminals in the rectum, anal sphincter and anal accessory muscles of the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic nerves ; Anal sphincter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and the adrenergic innervation of the rectum, internal anal sphincter and of accessory structures are described for the guinea-pig. The distribution of adrenergic nerves was examined using the fluorescence histochemical technique applied to both sections and whole mount preparations. The longitudinal and circular muscle of the rectum and the muscularis mucosae are all supplied by adrenergic nerve terminals. The density of the adrenergic innervation of the muscularis externa increases towards the anal sphincter. There is a very dense innervation of the internal anal sphincter, of the anal accessory muscles and of the corrugator ani. Non-fluorescent neurons in the ganglia of the myenteric plexus are supplied by adrenergic terminals. The ganglia become smaller and sparser towards the internal anal sphincter and non-ganglionated nerve strands containing adrenergic axons run from the plexus to the sphincter muscle. Adrenergic fibers innervate two interconnected ganglionated plexuses in the submucosa. Very few adrenergic nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus and they were not found at all in the submucosa. The extrinsic arteries and veins of the pelvic region are heavily innervated by adrenergic nerves. Within the gut wall the arteries are densely innervated but there is little or no innervation of the veins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520721
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origins of the adrenergic fibres which innervate the internal anal sphincter, the rectum, and other tissues of the pelvic region in the guinea-pig (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autonomic nervous system ; Adrenergic nerves ; Pelvic viscera ; Gastrointestinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the pelvic viscera was examined by the fluorescence histochemical technique, applied to tissue from untreated guinea-pigs and from guinea-pigs in which nerve pathways had been interrupted at operation. It was found that adrenergic neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglia give rise to axons which run in the colonic nerves and end in the myenteric and submucous plexuses and around the arteries of the distal colon. In the rectum, part of the innervation of the myenteric plexus and all of the innervation of the submucous plexus comes from the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The rest of the adrenergic innervation of the myenteric plexus comes from the posterior pelvic ganglia or the sacral sympathetic chains. The innervation of the blood vessels of the rectum is from the posterior pelvic ganglia. Adrenergic nerves run from the sacral sympathetic chains and pass via nerves accompanying the rectal arteries to the internal anal sphincter. Other adrenergic fibres to the internal anal sphincter either arise in, or pass through, the posterior pelvic plexuses. The anal accessory muscle is innervated by adrenergic axons arising in the posterior pelvic plexuses. Adrenergic nerves which run in the pudendal nerves, probably from the sacral sympathetic chains, innervate the erectile tissue of the penis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520326
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory effects of opioids in a circular muscle-myenteric plexus preparation of guinea-pig ileum (1987)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 336 (1987), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ileum ; Myenteric plexus ; Circular muscle ; Opioid receptors ; Naloxone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The actions of opioids were examined in a strip preparation of the external muscle and myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum cut parallel to the circular muscle. Contractions of the circular muscle induced by electrical stimulation of myenteric neurons were depressed in a concentration-dependent manner by the mu agonists, morphine and DAGO, and by the kappa agonist, U-50,488H. The concentrations of morphine, DAGO and U-50,488H which depressed nerve-mediated contractions by 50% (IC50) were 86 nM, 11 nM and 5.0 nM, respectively. The equilibrium dissociation constants (K D) for naloxone as an antagonist of the inhibitory effects of DAGO and of U5-0,488H were 5.6 nM and 29.4 nM, respectively. In contrast to the potent inhibitory effects of mu and kappa agonists, the delta-selective agonist, d-Pen-l-Pen, produced only weak inhibition of nerve-mediated contractions. Even at a concentration of 3 μM, there was less than 50% inhibition, which was not antagonised by the delta receptor antagonist, ICI 174864. The experiments indicate that both mu and kappa opioid receptors are present on the myenteric neurons supplying the circular muscle and that delta receptors are either absent or ineffectively activated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164876
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opioid mu and kappa receptors on axons of cholinergic excitatory motor neurons supplying the circular muscle of guinea-pig ileum (1988)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 338 (1988), S. 397-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ileum ; Circular muscle ; Opioid receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In preparations of guinea-pig ileum comprising the circular muscle and the axonal processes of myenteric neurons, electrical stimulation evoked contractions of the circular muscle which were abolished by tetrodotoxin and by hyoscine, indicating that they resulted from action potential-mediated release of acetylcholine. The selective mu opioid agonist, (d-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4-Gly5-ol)-enkephalin (DAGO), and the selective kappa opioid agonist, trans-(±)-3,4-dichloro-N-(2-(I-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl) benzeneacetamide, U-50488H, caused concentration-dependent and naloxone-reversible inhibitions of nerve-mediated contractions. The experiments indicate that opioid mu and kappa receptors are present on the axonal processes of cholinergic excitatory motor neurons supplying the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172116
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the release of endogenous substance P from intestinal nerves (1979)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 306 (1979), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Substance P ; Guinea-pig ileum ; Densensitization ; Peptidergic nerves ; Immunofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The desensitization of receptors for substance P in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum has been studied. Receptors for substance P in the muscle became desensitized in the presence of relatively large concentrations of synthetic substance P; a desensitizing concentration of substance P of 7.5×10−9 M shifted the concentration-response curve for substance P about 20-fold to the right, while a desensitizing concentration of 7.5×10−8 M shifted the curve about 300-fold to the right. This desensitization appeared specific; concentration-response curves for carbachol, DMPP, 5-HT and bradykinin were not significantly affected by substance P, 7.5×10−8 M. Furthermore, substance P in concentrations up to 7.5×10−8 M did not modify transmission from either cholinergic nerves or enteric inhibitory nerves when these were stimulated electrically. However, hyoscine-resistant contractions produced by stimulation of nerves in the ileum at 10 Hz were abolished by exposure to concentrations of substance P of 7.5×10−9 M or greater, suggesting that these nerves release a substance similar to or identical with substance P. DMPP evoked small hyoscine-resistant contractions of the ileum. These contractions were also antagonised by desensitization of receptors for substance P. Immunohistochemical studies showed substance P-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals of both the myenteric and submucous plexuses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00507103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opioid dependence in myenteric neurons innervating the circular muscle of guinea-pig ileum (1989)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 339 (1989), S. 166-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ileum ; Myenteric plexus ; Circular muscle ; Opioid dependence ; Morphine withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Guinea-pigs were treated with morphine for 6–8 days by subcutaneous implantation of pellets, each containing a mixture of morphine base (120 mg) and morphine hydrochloride (35 mg). Each guinea-pig received a single pellet. Mechanical activity of the circular muscle was recorded in vitro in preparations comprising the circular muscle and myenteric plexus. Exposure to morphine was maintained by addition of 1 μM morphine to the organ baths. After 90 min, morphine was withdrawn, either by repeatedly washing tissues in morphine-free Krebs' solution , or by addition of naloxone to reduce the occupancy of the opioid receptors by morphine. Withdrawal of morphine resulted in markedly enhanced contractile activity compared with that in circular muscle-myenteric plexus preparations from untreated control guinea-pigs. The withdrawal contractions were abolished by tetrodotoxin (600 nM) and greatly reduced by hyoscine (1 μM), indicating that they resulted from action potential discharge in myenteric neurons that release acetylcholine onto the circular muscle. Activation of the cholinergic excitatory motor neurons was not secondary to synaptic activation by cholinergic interneurons, because hexamethonium (100 μM) did not affect withdrawal contractions. The withdrawal response may therefore arise in the cholinergic excitatory motor neurons themselves, or in neurons that activate them via noncholinergic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00165139
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Storage, uptake and synthesis of catecholamines in the intrinsic adrenergic neurones in the proximal colon of the guinea-pig (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 364-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Adrenergic neurones ; Adrenergic mechanisms ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present work, the effects of drugs on the storage, uptake and synthesis of catecholamines in intrinsic and extrinsic adrenergic neurones of the guinea-pig intestine are compared, using the fluorescence histochemical technique for localising catecholamines. In respect to the properties examined in this work, the intrinsic adrenergic neurones of the proximal colon of the guinea-pig were found to be qualitatively similar to adrenergic neurones of the sympathetic chains: the intrinsic cells and their terminals are depleted by reserpine or guanethidine; they concentrate and retain catecholamines and this uptake is blocked by desmethylimipramine or phenoxybenzamine; after depletion by reserpine, the fluorescence can be restored by the dopamine and noradrenaline precursor, dopa and this restoration is prevented by blocking the decarboxylation of dopa to dopamine. However, there are clear quantitative differences: the terminals of intrinsic neurones are less susceptible than are extrinsic neurones to depletion by reserpine, guanethidine or 6-hydroxydopamine; the intrinsic neurones more readily retain noradrenaline after reserpinisation. It is suggested that quantitative differences between extrinsic and intrinsic neurones of the intestine could involve a difference in the activity of monoamine oxidase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324898
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