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  • Electronic Resource  (6)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • Nephritis  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The treatment of lupus nephritis (1989)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 3 (1989), S. 350-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: SLE ; Nephritis ; Children ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The literature on the treatment of lupus nephritis is scattered, much of it in rheumatological rather than nephrological journals. Whatever our ignorance of the nature and genesis of lupus nephritis, under empirical treatment the prognosis, especially for severe forms, has improved dramatically during the past 20 years. For severe lupus nephritis, the evidence that the addition of cytotoxic agents to corticosteroids improves outcome is now secure, and discussion centres mainly on which drug to use and by what route. Intravenous methylprednisolone is at least as effective as high-dose tapering oral therapy for initial treatment, and carries fewer side-effects. The role of plasma exchange in lupus remains undefined: it may have a role in the treatment of cerebral manifestations or otherwise resistant patients, but controlled trials have failed to show benefit. Future developments will probably centre around the use of specific monoclonal antibodies which target specific groups and subgroups of cells, “humanised” by the splicing of human Fc piece to rodent (fab)2, perhaps bearing toxins. To use these agents to best advantage, however, we will have to understand better than we do today the nature of the cellular defects in the immune response which underlie the lupus syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858546
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lupus nephritis in childhood and adolescence (1994)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 8 (1994), S. 230-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Nephritis ; Prednisolone ; Plasma exchange ; Cyclophosphamide ; Azathioprine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lupus nephritis in childhood usually presents after the age of 10 years, and presentation under 5 years is very rare. More males (F∶M ratio 4.5∶1) are affected than in adult-onset cases, but the ratio is the same in prepubertal and pubertal children. The incidence of clinically evident renal disease is greater at onset than in adults (82%), the usual presentation being with proteinuria, 50% having a nephrotic syndrome. Half the children show World Health Organisation class IV nephritis in renal biopsies. Neuropsychiatric lupus is present at onset in 30%, may complicate 50% at some point and remains a major problem. Prognosis has improved greatly over the past 30 years, at least in part the result of immunosuppressive treatment. Treatment of the initial phase may be guided by the severity of the renal biopsy appearances, more aggressive treatment including cytotoxic agents, i.v. methylprednisolone and perhaps plasma exchange, although the value of exchange is not established. Controversy persists as to the most effective cytotoxic treatment in the acute phase, both oral and i.v. cyclophosphamide and azathioprine being used in different units. In the chronic maintenance phase it seems established both clinically and histologically that addition of a cytotoxic agent improves outcome, but again the drug and route of administration are contentious. Azathioprine has the advantage of being safe for pregnancy and not gonadotoxic, whilst i.v. cyclophosphamide has been demonstrated to improve results over prednisolone alone in controlled trials and has advantages in non-compliant patients. No trial comparing the two regimes has been carried out, and one is needed. Today children much less commonly go into renal failure, and the main causes of actual death (15% of patients over 10 years) are now infections and extra-renal manifestations of lupus, principally neurological. Morbidity of the disease and the treatment remain a major problem, especially when treatment exacerbates complications of the disease itself, such as infections, osteonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular disease and possibly neoplasia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00865490
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal degradation of polycaprolactones (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) were utilized as the sole carbon source by five of six fungi tested by the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) agar plate method. The fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Chaetomium globosum, Pencillium funiculosum, and a Fusarium sp. Quantitative analysis of degradation was performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC analysis demonstrated differences between the activities of organisms which appeared similar by the ASTM method, and showed that, while all molecular weight species within each polymer were hydrolyzed, in several cases low molecular weight end products were not assimilated. Depending on the organism, the dominant factor determining degradability was either polymer molecular weight or degree of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280128
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polycaprolactone degradation by mixed and pure cultures of bacteria and a yeast (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 335-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradability of three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) and one low molecular weight polycaprolactone diol(M̄w = 2060) by mixed and pure cultures of microorganisms was assayed. A yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, a gram-negative rod, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffi, and a gram-positive coryneform rod were used in the pure culture assays. The analysis of degradation by gel permation chromatography (GPC) allowed for quantitation independent of the growth of the organisms or the addition of supplementary growth factors. GPC analysis showed that the degradation effected by pure cultures was often enhanced when alternate carbon sources were present. This was not the case for mixed cultures. Mixed cultures. Mixed cultures completely metabolized polymer breakdown products while in some cases pure cultures did not.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280129
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further studies on biodegradation of aliphatic poly(ester-amides) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 1999-2006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two types of aliphatic poly(ester-amides) (PEAs) were subjected to microbial degradation in basal mineral salt broth, under the attack of a yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, at 20°C. PEA-I copolymers were made by the anionic ring-opening copolymerization of ∊-caprolactone and ∊-caprolactam, whereas PEA-II copolymers were synthesized by a two-step polycondensation reaction of hexanediol-1,6, hexanediamine-1,6, and adipolyl chloride. These copolymers were found to be readily degradable under biotic conditions, based on weight loss, GPC, NMR spectroscopy, and tensile property measurements. Compared to abiotic hydrolysis, biodegradation occurred much faster under milder conditions. Furthermore, NMR spectroscopic analysis proved that the biodegradation of poly(ester-amides) involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of ester groups on the backbones of polymers into acid and hydroxyl groups. No breakdown of amide bonds was observed under the given biotic conditions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070501118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopic visualization of biodegradation of polycaprolactones by fungi (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 19 (1981), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.130190402
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