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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 83 (1996), S. 122-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Paleoceanography ; North Pacific ; Ocean Drilling Project ; Northern hemisphere glaciation ; Pliocene ; Surface water productivity ; Sea surface temperatures ; Pacific moisture pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ18O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4  °C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST〉7.5  °C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO3 MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 452-465 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Paleoceanography ; North Pacific ; Ocean Drilling Project ; Northern hemisphere glaciation ; Pliocene ; Surface water productivity ; Sea surface temperatures ; Pacific moisture pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ18O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4°C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST〉7.5°C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO3 MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 56 (1967), S. 116-127 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract North and South of Innsbruck, Austria the Alpine Middle Triassic is represented by three main lithologic units: the Alpine Muschelkalk Series, the Facies Complex of the Wettersteinkalk, and the Partnach-Schichten. Their sedimentology was examined with detailed measured sections. The mostly pure carbonate rocks show an enormous variety of facies ranging from basinal to reef complex. The 234 m thick Partnach-Schichten-basin-fazies and the 1730 m thick Wettersteinkalk-reef-complex represent, respectively, shallow basinal shelf deposition and the shallow water environment of a reef plate. This conclusion is supported by paleontologic, lithologic and structural evidence. These contrasting facts, great thickness differences and relatively similar water depths, are best explained by synsedimentary tectonic movements which took place in the Middle Triassic and are expressed by difference of subsidence amounting to about 1400 m. The Partnach-basin-facies is then the result of deposition on tectonic horst structures. Trying to define the exact regional distribution of the facies environments within the area Karwendel Mts.-Inn Valley-Brenner Mesozoika-Tarntaler Mts., heuristicaly it proves most advantageous first of all to disregard most of the existing great tectonic hypothesis. Only by sedimentologic means a simple paleogeographical pattern is developed: in the Central Alps a Southern, shore influenced reef-complex grew North into a wide, flat Partnach-basin which extended to the Inn Valley. Concurrently the large, E-W running, isolated reef plate of the Karwendel Mts. expanded on both sides into the bordering Part-nach-basins: the Inn Valley basin to the South and the Karwendel-Mulde basin to the North.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans la série du Muschelkalk alpin et dans le faciès du Wettersteinkalk et dans les couches de Partnach de nombreuses coupes détaillées ont été prises. L'étude de ces profils, à l'aide de méthodes sédimentologiques concernant les roches carbonatées, a permis de coordonner, d'après leurs faciès, les sédiments carbonatés aux différents milieux de sédimentation représentés par toute une suite de différents faciès, allant du milieu des îles fossiles sur un platier récifal jusqu'au faciès d'un bassin. Les grandes différences d'épaisseur (1∶ 7,4) que présentent les couches de Partnach (234 m) — faciès de bassin — et le Wettersteinkalk (1730 m) — faciès de récif -, de même la texture et les composants des roches, qui en outre indiquent la profondeur de l'eau, nous amènent à déduire des différences de niveau d'effondrement de 1400 m, conséquence des mouvements tectoniques synsédimentaires au Trias moyen. Par là on a également constaté que les couches de Partnach s'étaient déposées sur des horstes. La reconstruction des limites des différentes faciès des régions de Karwendel, de la vallée de l'Inn, du mésozoique du Brenner et des montagnes de Tarntal donne le schéma paléogéographique suivant, si on laisse de côté tout d'abord les théories de la tectonique alpine: Un complexe récifal literal au sud (mésozoique du Brenner et de Tarntal) et un vaste platier du récif au nord (Karwendel), qui impiètent de deux côtés sur le bassin de Partnach (la région méridionale de la vallée de l'Inn).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche detaillierte Profile wurden in der Serie des Alpinen Muschelkalks, in der Faziesgruppe des Wettersteinkalks und in den Partnach-Schichten aufgenommen. Die Analyse dieser Profile mit Hilfe karbonatsedimentologischer Methoden ermöglichte es, die mitteltriadischen Karbonatgesteine nach ihrer Fazies einer Reihe von verschiedenartigen Ablagerungsräumen vom Beckenbereich bis zu Riffplatten mit Inselbildungen zuzuordnen, einschließlich zahlreicher Faziesübergänge. Große Mächtigkeitsunterschiede (1∶7,4) zeigen sich zwischen der Beckenfazies der Partnach-Schichten (234 m) und der Riffplattenfazies des Wetterstein-kalks (1730 m); weiters gibt es Gefüge- und komponentenmäßige Daten, die verläßlich für relativ flache Wassertiefen in beiden Bereichen sprechen. Beide Kriterien zusammengenommen, lassen in der Mitteltrias auf große synsedimentäre tektonische Bewegungen anläßlich Absenkungsdifferenzen von beinahe 1400 m schließen. Bei konkreter Umgrenzung der einzelnen Faziesräume im Bereich Karwendel —Inntal—Brennermesozoikum—Tamtaler Berge erweist es sich als heuristisch durchaus wertvoll, bestehende großtektonische Theorien vorerst einmal außer acht zu lassen, um zu einem einfachen, sedimentologisch zusammensetzbaren paläogeographischen Schema zu gelangen: ein küstenbeeinflußter Riffkomplex im S (Zentralalpen) und eine weitausgedehnte Riffplatte im Karwendel wachsen allmählich von N und S her in das zwischengelagerte breite Partnach-Becken (Inntal und südlich anschließendes Gebiet).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 59 (1970), S. 649-666 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The grain size distribution in recent carbonate sediments of the shoals and island areas of the Persian Gulf yields clear evidence of an effective wave base in depths ranging from 40 m (near islands) to about 70 m (on the flanks of shallows) (Fig. 6). In contrast, the grain size distribution of the fine grained marl sediments off the Iranian coast is controlled solely by sediment availability and cannot be used as evidence for water movement and wave action (Fig. 3 and 4). A widespread, vertically restricted zone exists within these marly sediments which shows maximum production and sedimentation of echinoderm hard parts (Echinids and Ophiurans) (Fig. 5). The various depths in which this zone is found (12–14 m on the lee side of islands, otherwise 20–30 m depending upon the sample location in relation to fetch) can be easily correlated with the maximum depth of wave activity. This relationship is supported by biologic and other observations. A projection of all of these wave base depths into a composite cross-section of the Persian Gulf results in a bowl-shaped profile whose deepest points (50–70 m) correspond well with the theoretically calculated maximum wave base (Fig. 7).
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le Golfe Persique la répartition granulométrique des sédiments calcaires récents, recueillis au niveau des «hauts-fonds» et devant les îles, indique de façon très nette la base du volume d'eau agitée par les vagues: elle varie de 40 m (autours des îles) à environ 70 m (sur les flancs des «hauts fonds») (fig. 6). Devant la côte Iranienne, par contre, la répartition granulométrique ne dépend, presque uniquement, que de la grande disponibilité de matériel fin à cet endroit; il n'est pas possible d'en déduire la limite de l'agitation de la mer par les vagues (fig. 3 et 4). Dans ces marnes se trouve une zone, longue et étroite, caractérisée par une production et une sédimentation maximale de pièces squelettiques d'échinodermes (Echinides-Ophiures) (fig. 5). Il est facile de mettre en relation cette zone (de 12 à 14 m à l'abri des îles, jusqu'à 20 et 30 m là où les vagues se propagent librement) et la limite inférieure, localement changeante, de l'effet des vagues; de nombreuses observations, de biologistes entre autres, abondent dans ce sens. Si l'on regroupe tous les résultats obtenus sur un profil transversal du Golfe Persique, ce profil est en forme de cuvette et les points les plus profonds (50–70 m) se situent à peu près à la profondeur déduite d'un calcul théorique (fig. 7).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den rezenten Kalksedimenten der Flache und Inselbereiche des Persischen Golfs gibt die Korngrößenverteilung einen deutlichen Hinweis auf die Basis der Wellentransportkraft in 40 m (vor Inseln) bis gegen 70 m (über den Flanken der Flache) (Abb. 6). In den feinkörnigen Mergelsedimenten vor der iranischen Küste hängt jedoch die Korngrößenverteilung allein von der Verfügbarkeit ab und erlaubt somit keinerlei Schluß auf den Tiefgang der Wellentätigkeit (Abb. 3 und 4). In diesen Mergeln findet sida eine eng begrenzte, bandartige Zone mit maximaler Produktion und Sedimentation von Echinodermen-Hartteilen (Echiniden und Ophiuren) (Abb. 5). Die wechselnde Tiefenlage dieser Zone (12–14 m im Schutze hinter einer Insel, sonst 20–30 m, je nach Exposition der Probenlokalität zum freien Seegang) läßt sich mit der Untergrenze der Wellenwirkung in Beziehung setzen. Dafür sprechen unter anderem hydrographische Messungen und zahlreiche Beobachtungen von Biologen. Faßt man alle diese Wassertiefenangaben über die Untergrenze der Wellenwirkung in einem schematischen Querprofil des Persischen Golfs zusammen, so ergeben sie einen schüsselförmigen Querschnitt (Abb. 7), dessen tiefste Punkte (50–70 m) entsprechen ungefähr den theoretisch berechenbaren Maximalwerten der Wellentiefenwirkung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 60 (1970), S. 256-264 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The field-name “glauconite” is applicable to a great variety of green grains, particularly mud clasts, which are found in the fraction 〉63μ in surface sediments from the Persian Gulf. These grains occur in areas of low sedimentation rates in all water depths to 110 m, the shelf break in the Gulf of Oman (Fig. 1). Glauconite grains coarser than 250,μ were magnetically separated from 15 samples and then handpicked. Their carbonate fractions (75-〉90%, predominantly aragonite) are basically different from those of the corresponding total samples (50–65%, predominantly calcite). The clay minerals in the glauconite grains fall into two groups. The samples away from the shore contain abundant montmorillonite, compared to the small amount in the 2μ (fractions of the total samples; the near shore samples are predominantly amorphous material and illite. Because of these and other differences from the remaining parts of the samples (Tab. 1) the glauconite grains are considered to be parautochthonous relicts from the underlying late Pleistocene. They were apparently formed under the special conditions of a transgressing shallow marine environment.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans les sédiments de surface du Golf Persique on trouve, dans la fraction 〉63μ, beaucoup de particules vertes, surtout des croûtes de boue endurcie, qui sont rassemblés sous le nom de grains de glauconie. Limités aux régions à sédimentation faible, ces grains se trouvent dans toutes les profondeurs d'eau jusqu'à 110 m, c. à. d. la limite du plateau continental dans le Golf d'Oman. Les grains de glauconie 〉250μ de 15 échantillons ont été séparés du sédiment par magnetisme, puis à la main. Les pourcentages de carbonate dans les glauconies (75-〉90%, surtout de l'aragonite) se distinguent nettement de ceux du reste de l'échantillon (50–65%, surtout du calcite). Quant aux minéraux argileux que l'on trouve dans les glauconies, on peut distinguer deux groupes: les échantillons près de la côte contiennent des substances amorphes et de l'illite, les échantillons pris plus loin de a côte contiennent beaucoup de montmorillonite, que l'on ne trouve qu'en traces dans la fraction de 2μ des échantillons totaux. Ces différences (auxquelles s'ajoutent d'autres) entre les grains de glauconie et les sédiments dans lesquels on les trouve permettent d'interpréter les grains de glaucome comme sédiment fossile parautochthone de la fin du pleistocène sousjacent. Ils se formaient dans une région d'eau très peu profonde pendant une période de transgression.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Feldbegriff „Glaukonitkörner“ umfaßt in den Oberflächensedimenten des Persischen Golfs eine Vielzahl von grünen Grobfraktionskomponenten, voran Schlammkrusten. Beschränkt auf Gebiete mit niederer Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit finden sich diese Körner in allen Wassertiefen bis etwa 110 m, der Schelfkante im Golf von Oman (Abb. 1). Aus 15 Proben wurden die Glaukonitkörner 〉250μ magnetisch vorgesondert und handausgelesen. Ihre Karbonatanteile (75-〉90%, vorwiegend Aragonit) unterscheiden sich deutlich von jenen der entsprechenden Gesamtproben (50 bis 65%, vorwiegend Calcit). Ihre Tonmineralgehalte verteilen sich auf zwei Gruppen: küstennähere Proben zeigen vor allem amorphe Substanz und Illit, küstenfernere hingegen auffällig viel Montmorillonit, der vergleichsweise in der 2-μFraktion der Gesamtproben nur in Spuren nachweisbar ist. Wegen dieser und einiger anderer Unterschiede zu den übrigen Anteilen der Proben (Tab. 1) können die Glaukonitkörner als parautochthone Relikte aus dem liegenden Spätpleistozän gedeutet werden. Sie dürften sich damals unter den besonderen Bedingungen eines transgredierenden Flachstwasserraumes gebildet haben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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