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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 28 (1974), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Submarine sedimentary substrates have been exposed in a new-style special arrangement for benthic colonization. The experiment has been running for 2 years and is planned to continue as a long-term test for several more years, with the purpose of studying independently both the effects of hydrographic and biotic factors as well as those of substrate type. This is accomplished by 3 floating platforms. Each carries 3 open containers filled with clayey mud, sand, and gravel (70 cm diameter, 25 cm deep). The platforms are anchored close together at 11, 15 and 19 m water depths. Their distances from the sea floor vary between 5.5 and 2.0 m. The sediments were obtained from sand pits on land. Substrate samples are continuously taken by divers. Hydrographic data are available by direct measurements from a ship and automatic sensors. The characteristic sources of error of the experiment seem to exert no decisive influence on the benthic production data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0146-6380
    Keywords: Quaternary ; alkanes ; alkenones ; chemometrics ; climate ; cyclicity ; dinosterol ; principal component analysis ; spectral analysis ; δ^1^8O foraminifera
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Site 658 (holes A, B and C; Ocean Drilling Program leg 108; 20á° 44.95' N, 18á° 34.85' W) was cored off Cap Blanc, northwest Africa (Fig. 1) in 2,270 m water depth4. The site was chosen because it lies on the outer edge of a promontory projecting from the continental ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 20 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Through an analysis of their coarse-grain composition (〉63 μm), pumice-rich sandy layers from deep sea cores were identified as shelf-derived turbidites rather than deposits due to ash rain or drifting pumice. A comparison of median sizes of individual grain types and total samples yielded significant vertical and horizontal sorting trends, which allowed apparently unrelated samples from different cores to be grouped into proximal and distal parts of one turbidite type. A discrimination of samples belonging to unrelated turbidite layers was also possible. In addition, whatever the grain size, planktonic molluscs and foraminifera have Md-diameters 1·1–2·75 times larger than those of pumice. Weathered shallow-water skeletals have Md-diameters approximately equal to pumice, whereas those of augite and hornblende are 1·25–2·3 times smaller. This results in a different proportion of components in proximal and distal turbidite samples. The Md-values of planktonic foraminifera reach their upper natural limit at 250–350 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 35 (1977), S. 369-383 
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 320 (1986), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Variations in sea-surface temperatures over the past 500,000 years are inferred from the relative abundance behaviour of two organic compounds, C37 alkenones over the upper 8 metres of a sediment core from the eastern equatorial Atlantic. This molecular record, ascribed to contributions ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Paleoceanography ; North Pacific ; Ocean Drilling Project ; Northern hemisphere glaciation ; Pliocene ; Surface water productivity ; Sea surface temperatures ; Pacific moisture pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ18O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4  °C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST〉7.5  °C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO3 MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 452-465 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Paleoceanography ; North Pacific ; Ocean Drilling Project ; Northern hemisphere glaciation ; Pliocene ; Surface water productivity ; Sea surface temperatures ; Pacific moisture pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ18O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4°C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST〉7.5°C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO3 MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 60 (1970), S. 256-264 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The field-name “glauconite” is applicable to a great variety of green grains, particularly mud clasts, which are found in the fraction 〉63μ in surface sediments from the Persian Gulf. These grains occur in areas of low sedimentation rates in all water depths to 110 m, the shelf break in the Gulf of Oman (Fig. 1). Glauconite grains coarser than 250,μ were magnetically separated from 15 samples and then handpicked. Their carbonate fractions (75-〉90%, predominantly aragonite) are basically different from those of the corresponding total samples (50–65%, predominantly calcite). The clay minerals in the glauconite grains fall into two groups. The samples away from the shore contain abundant montmorillonite, compared to the small amount in the 2μ (fractions of the total samples; the near shore samples are predominantly amorphous material and illite. Because of these and other differences from the remaining parts of the samples (Tab. 1) the glauconite grains are considered to be parautochthonous relicts from the underlying late Pleistocene. They were apparently formed under the special conditions of a transgressing shallow marine environment.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans les sédiments de surface du Golf Persique on trouve, dans la fraction 〉63μ, beaucoup de particules vertes, surtout des croûtes de boue endurcie, qui sont rassemblés sous le nom de grains de glauconie. Limités aux régions à sédimentation faible, ces grains se trouvent dans toutes les profondeurs d'eau jusqu'à 110 m, c. à. d. la limite du plateau continental dans le Golf d'Oman. Les grains de glauconie 〉250μ de 15 échantillons ont été séparés du sédiment par magnetisme, puis à la main. Les pourcentages de carbonate dans les glauconies (75-〉90%, surtout de l'aragonite) se distinguent nettement de ceux du reste de l'échantillon (50–65%, surtout du calcite). Quant aux minéraux argileux que l'on trouve dans les glauconies, on peut distinguer deux groupes: les échantillons près de la côte contiennent des substances amorphes et de l'illite, les échantillons pris plus loin de a côte contiennent beaucoup de montmorillonite, que l'on ne trouve qu'en traces dans la fraction de 2μ des échantillons totaux. Ces différences (auxquelles s'ajoutent d'autres) entre les grains de glauconie et les sédiments dans lesquels on les trouve permettent d'interpréter les grains de glaucome comme sédiment fossile parautochthone de la fin du pleistocène sousjacent. Ils se formaient dans une région d'eau très peu profonde pendant une période de transgression.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Feldbegriff „Glaukonitkörner“ umfaßt in den Oberflächensedimenten des Persischen Golfs eine Vielzahl von grünen Grobfraktionskomponenten, voran Schlammkrusten. Beschränkt auf Gebiete mit niederer Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit finden sich diese Körner in allen Wassertiefen bis etwa 110 m, der Schelfkante im Golf von Oman (Abb. 1). Aus 15 Proben wurden die Glaukonitkörner 〉250μ magnetisch vorgesondert und handausgelesen. Ihre Karbonatanteile (75-〉90%, vorwiegend Aragonit) unterscheiden sich deutlich von jenen der entsprechenden Gesamtproben (50 bis 65%, vorwiegend Calcit). Ihre Tonmineralgehalte verteilen sich auf zwei Gruppen: küstennähere Proben zeigen vor allem amorphe Substanz und Illit, küstenfernere hingegen auffällig viel Montmorillonit, der vergleichsweise in der 2-μFraktion der Gesamtproben nur in Spuren nachweisbar ist. Wegen dieser und einiger anderer Unterschiede zu den übrigen Anteilen der Proben (Tab. 1) können die Glaukonitkörner als parautochthone Relikte aus dem liegenden Spätpleistozän gedeutet werden. Sie dürften sich damals unter den besonderen Bedingungen eines transgredierenden Flachstwasserraumes gebildet haben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 59 (1970), S. 649-666 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The grain size distribution in recent carbonate sediments of the shoals and island areas of the Persian Gulf yields clear evidence of an effective wave base in depths ranging from 40 m (near islands) to about 70 m (on the flanks of shallows) (Fig. 6). In contrast, the grain size distribution of the fine grained marl sediments off the Iranian coast is controlled solely by sediment availability and cannot be used as evidence for water movement and wave action (Fig. 3 and 4). A widespread, vertically restricted zone exists within these marly sediments which shows maximum production and sedimentation of echinoderm hard parts (Echinids and Ophiurans) (Fig. 5). The various depths in which this zone is found (12–14 m on the lee side of islands, otherwise 20–30 m depending upon the sample location in relation to fetch) can be easily correlated with the maximum depth of wave activity. This relationship is supported by biologic and other observations. A projection of all of these wave base depths into a composite cross-section of the Persian Gulf results in a bowl-shaped profile whose deepest points (50–70 m) correspond well with the theoretically calculated maximum wave base (Fig. 7).
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le Golfe Persique la répartition granulométrique des sédiments calcaires récents, recueillis au niveau des «hauts-fonds» et devant les îles, indique de façon très nette la base du volume d'eau agitée par les vagues: elle varie de 40 m (autours des îles) à environ 70 m (sur les flancs des «hauts fonds») (fig. 6). Devant la côte Iranienne, par contre, la répartition granulométrique ne dépend, presque uniquement, que de la grande disponibilité de matériel fin à cet endroit; il n'est pas possible d'en déduire la limite de l'agitation de la mer par les vagues (fig. 3 et 4). Dans ces marnes se trouve une zone, longue et étroite, caractérisée par une production et une sédimentation maximale de pièces squelettiques d'échinodermes (Echinides-Ophiures) (fig. 5). Il est facile de mettre en relation cette zone (de 12 à 14 m à l'abri des îles, jusqu'à 20 et 30 m là où les vagues se propagent librement) et la limite inférieure, localement changeante, de l'effet des vagues; de nombreuses observations, de biologistes entre autres, abondent dans ce sens. Si l'on regroupe tous les résultats obtenus sur un profil transversal du Golfe Persique, ce profil est en forme de cuvette et les points les plus profonds (50–70 m) se situent à peu près à la profondeur déduite d'un calcul théorique (fig. 7).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den rezenten Kalksedimenten der Flache und Inselbereiche des Persischen Golfs gibt die Korngrößenverteilung einen deutlichen Hinweis auf die Basis der Wellentransportkraft in 40 m (vor Inseln) bis gegen 70 m (über den Flanken der Flache) (Abb. 6). In den feinkörnigen Mergelsedimenten vor der iranischen Küste hängt jedoch die Korngrößenverteilung allein von der Verfügbarkeit ab und erlaubt somit keinerlei Schluß auf den Tiefgang der Wellentätigkeit (Abb. 3 und 4). In diesen Mergeln findet sida eine eng begrenzte, bandartige Zone mit maximaler Produktion und Sedimentation von Echinodermen-Hartteilen (Echiniden und Ophiuren) (Abb. 5). Die wechselnde Tiefenlage dieser Zone (12–14 m im Schutze hinter einer Insel, sonst 20–30 m, je nach Exposition der Probenlokalität zum freien Seegang) läßt sich mit der Untergrenze der Wellenwirkung in Beziehung setzen. Dafür sprechen unter anderem hydrographische Messungen und zahlreiche Beobachtungen von Biologen. Faßt man alle diese Wassertiefenangaben über die Untergrenze der Wellenwirkung in einem schematischen Querprofil des Persischen Golfs zusammen, so ergeben sie einen schüsselförmigen Querschnitt (Abb. 7), dessen tiefste Punkte (50–70 m) entsprechen ungefähr den theoretisch berechenbaren Maximalwerten der Wellentiefenwirkung.
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