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Notes: [Auszug] Preformed or exogenous carbohydrate is necessary for the expression of nitrogenase in strains such as P. boryanum when the enzyme is induced under N2/CO2 (ref. 2). Some cyanobacteria seem to prefer anoxic, reducing environments , and some strains are capable of anoxygenic photosynthesis, oxidising ...

Notes: The study consisted of five treatments including formulations with or without sodium nitrite (120 ppm) or potassium sorbate (0.26%) or both nitrite (40, 80 ppm) and sorbate (0.26%). Packages (300 per treatment) of commercially prepared bacon were inoculated with Clostridium botulinum spores from 10 strains (5 type A and 5 type B) and temperature abused at 27°C. Uninoculated packages (100 per treatment) were also abused. The packages were visually checked for gas production during a 60-day incubation period and tested for botulinal toxin. Spore and vegetative cell counts, aerobic total plate counts, product pH, residual nitrite depletion, and sorbate levels were also monitored. Toxic samples frequently occurred without gas, and many samples showing gas were nontoxic. Added sorbate or added nitrite extended the time to detection of first gas-containing and first toxic samples. A combination of sorbate (0.26%) with reduced nitrite levels (40, 80 ppm) extended this time further. Nitrite or sorbate used singly in the formulation also decreased the rate of toxin production. None of the uninoculated packages was toxic, while the total number of toxic inoculated packages decreased with nitrite or sorbate in the formulations. Ninety percent of the samples from the control treatment became toxic during the 60-day incubation period; 58.8% from the treatment with 0.26% sorbate; 22.0% from the treatment with 40 ppm nitrite and 0.26% sorbate; none from the treatment with 80 ppm nitrite and 0.26% sorbate; and 0.4% from the treatment with 120 ppm nitrite. Low nitrite-sorbate combinations were thus effective in delaying botulinal toxin production in temperature abused bacon.

Notes: The structure and development of the female reproductive tract, fetal membranes and placenta have not previously been recorded for any member of the family Thyropteridae. Recently implanted embryos were obtained in late January, limb-bud stages in March, and full-term fetuses in late May, suggesting a possible gestation length of approximately five months. It is likely, however, that Thyroptera experiences at least two breeding cycles per year. The uterus was narrowly bicornuate; the corpus uteri was unusually large and lacked the glandular density observed in the cornua. The cervix was long, pleated, and relatively aglandular. The oviducts opened at the apices of the cornua; oviductal papillae were absent. A bursa ovarii surrounded the ovary, but there was a small pore opening to the peritoneal cavity adjacent to the fimbriated end of the oviduct. Never more than a single embyro or fetus was present, and only a single corpus luteum was observed; thus Thyroptera, like most bats, is monovular. Ovoimplantation was interstitial; a decidua capsularis was present early but disappeared by the late limb-bud stage. The decidual reaction involved both glandular epithelium and stromal cells, but most of the decidua was destroyed by term. Amniogenesis was initiated after implantation, by cavitation. Primitive entoderm was formed precociously above, as well as below, the presumptive embryonic disc, and a thin extension of Reichert's membrane passed over the cell mass, separating it from the cytotrophoblast of the chorionic placenta. During the amniogenic period, the yolk-sac entoderm fused to the parietal trophoblast via an intervening Reichert's membrane, forming an extensive bilaminar omphalopleure; this was rapidly converted to a trilaminar structure in early post-implantation stages. An avascular chorio-vitelline relationship involved most of the chorionic wall in early post-implantation stages and persisted to term in the abembryonic hemisphere after the partial inversion of the yolk-sac roof in late presomite embryos. The invaginated yolk-sac roof (splanchnopleure) also persisted to term as a viable paraplacental component. A small sac-like allantois was formed between late pre-somite and early limb-bud stages but disappeared by the late limb-bud stage. Development of the definitive chorioallantoic placenta resembled that in other bats, but the maternal endothelium disappeared relatively early, and trophoblastic differentiation was precocious. The ultrastructural organization of the interhemal membrane was hemodichorial, and otherwise generally resembled the organization previously described in vespertilionid bats. Similarities and differences in the structure of the uterus, placenta, and paraplacental organs of Thyropteridae, in comparison with other families of bats, are discussed. On the basis of fetal membrane characteristics, the Thyropteridae show closer affinities with the Phyllostomatoidea than with the Vespertilionoidea, to which they are presently assigned.

Notes: Mouse uterine glands, obtained during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy, were investigated using light and electron microscopy. From day 4 to day 6 of pregnancy, there was a progressive luminal dilation and an accumulation of dense homogeneous material in the gland lumina. Although numerous large electron-lucent vesicles were present in the apical portion of the glandular cells on day 4, their number decreased by days 5 and 6 of pregnancy. Dense granules were present along the apical border of many glandular cells on day 6. In addition, there was an increase in the number and more orderly arrangement of RER cisternae by day 6 of pregnancy. Cytochemical studies on days 4, 5, and 6 of pregnancy, using the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate method for the ultrastructural localization of carbohydrate material, showed specific staining of the multivesicular bodies and the saccules of the concave surface of the Golgi complex, but not the dilated saccules of the convex surface. Specific staining was also observed over both the luminal material and apical granules present on day 6 of pregnancy.The cytochemical evidence suggests that the secretory product of the uterine glands has carbohydrate components and that carbohydrate material accumulates in the Golgi complex. In addition, the morphological changes observed imply increased secretory activity of the uterine glands during the peri-implantation period. Thus, the uterine glands must be considered an important source of uterine fluid components during the peri-implantation period.

Notes: Fixed uteri from rats on the afternoon of day 6 of pregnancy were split to expose the implantation chambers, their enclosed blastocysts, and the imprints of the blastocysts on the adjacent epithelium of the chamber. Some ofthe implantation chambers were prepared for scanning electron microscopy; other chambers were treated with colloidal iron hydroxide, with cationized ferritin, or with the tannic acid method, and subsequently were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. In this manner, the disposition of the surfacecoat markers on the surface of the blastocyst, surface of the uterus within the chamber, and the surface of the uterus that had been apposed to a blastocyst were compared. Despite the pronounced morphological differences between the microvilli of the uterine luminal epithelium in the imprint and those in the rest of the chamber, the binding of the markers was remarkably similar. No evidence of removal of surface coat could be found in that area of the uterus in contact with the blastocyst. In addition, in two instances in the cationized ferritintreated material, and in another instance in tannic acid-stained material, regions of the apparently adhering trophoblastic cell membranes and uterine cell membranes had abundant coat materials and, possibly, even secretory materials interposed. When blastocyst-sized glass beads were introduced into uteri from animals made pseudopregnant or unilaterally pregnant, the beads failed to elicit a decidual response and made an imprint that did not resemble the imprint of a blastocyst in an implantation chamber. It was concluded that, at least in the initial stages of adhesion, the blastocyst does not bring about a physical removal of the demonstrable aspects of the surface coat of the uterus. It was concluded further, that glass beads are not a suitable object for mimicking a blastocyst in the rat uterus.