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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trophoblastic invasion and the development of uteroplacental arteries in the macaque: immunohistochemical localization of cytokeratins, desmin, type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblastic cells ; Spiral artery ; Extracellular matrix ; Uterus ; Macaca fascicularis (Primates) ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The processes by which trophoblast cells invade and modify the walls of the uteroplacental arteries of macaques during the course of gestation were examined. Antibodies to cytokeratins were employed to identify trophoblast, anti-desmin antibody to identify smooth muscle, and antibodies to type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin to examine changes in extracellular matrix distribution in the arterial wall. During early gestation, endovascular trophoblast adhered to the arterial wall, often in an asymmetrical distribution. As trophoblast cells moved outwardly into the tunica media, the basement membrane underlying the endothelium was lost, as indicated by gaps in the layer when stained for type IV collagen and laminin. Trophoblast cells became sequestered in the vessel wall where they hypertrophied and became surrounded by a capsule containing type IV collagen and laminin. As the trophoblast cells became established in the vessel wall, the muscular layer of the artery became discontinuous. Throughout gestation it was common for trophoblast cells to invade the vessel intimal layer and share the lining of the artery with typical endothelial cells. This general disposition of endovascular and intramural trophoblast persisted into late gestation. In addition, and contrary to the results of earlier studies of macaques, we identified trophoblastic invasion and modification of myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries in later gestation. We also found evidence of interstitial trophoblast cells among the stromal cells of the endometrium, especially during early gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302728
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trophoblastic invasion and modification of uterine veins during placental development in macaques (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblast ; Uterus ; Veins ; Basement membrane ; Placenta ; Macaca fascicularis (Primates) ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Trophoblast cells invade and modify the uterine vasculature to provide circulation of maternal blood through the placenta. Although evidence indicates fundamental differences between trophoblast modification of arteries and veins, interactions between trophoblast cells and uterine veins have not been addressed. In this report we describe the processes by which trophoblast cells invade and restructure uterine veins during placentation in the macaque. Antibodies were used to identify trophoblast, endothelium, and basement membranes. During early gestation, trophoblast migrated from the trophoblastic shell and, by intravasation, replaced portions of the wall and endothelium of veins in the vicinity of the shell; this is in contrast to invasion by extravasation reported for the arteries in this species. These areas had discontinuous endothelial basement membranes and the endothelial cells were variably hypertrophied. Deeper portions of veins were not invaded; this too is in contradistinction to the spiral arteries where trophoblastic modification extends to the myometrial segments. Later in gestation, those portions of veins interacting with trophoblast were contained within the trophoblastic shell or situated such that one side abutted the shell. These regions of the veins were lined by endothelium, but it could not be determined whether this represented re-endothelialization of regions formerly lined by trophoblast or if these endothelial cells were never displaced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327994
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin in the cell columns and trophoblastic shell of early macaque placentas (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblast ; Placenta ; Laminin ; Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Extracellular matrix,-structures ; Macaca fascicularis (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytotrophoblastic cell columns and trophoblastic shell of macaque placentas accumulate progressively greater amounts of intercellular material during early gestation. We studied the composition of this material in placentas collected from 22–34 days of gestation by using immunoperoxidase techniques directed to the extracellular matrix molecules fibronectin, type IV collagen, and laminin. These antigens co-localized within the intercellular deposits at all stages studied. At day 22 the proximal cell columns were composed of cells with narrow interstices and which lacked immunoreactivity for the 3 antigens. Distally the cells were vacuolated and the intercellular spaces increased in size and contained dense matrix deposits. The trophoblastic shell consisted of closely packed, non-vacuolated cytotrophoblast cells with only a delicate meshwork of matrix. By day 27 the matrix deposits of the distal cell columns increased markedly in size. The trophoblastic shell contained larger numbers of vacuolated cells and was occupied by accumulations of matrix. By 34 days the matrix deposits of the cell columns expanded substantially along the longitudinal axes of the columns. These deposits were often continuous with a matrix-dense, cell-deficient layer in the trophoblastic shell. This matrix-rich zone lay between a cellular layer adjacent to the intervilous space and a similar, but discontinuous, cell layer that formed the junctional zone with the endometrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328009
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Junctional complexes in the preimplantation rabbit embryoSupported by grant HD 09462 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. We would especially like to thank Dr. Karl Pfenninger for extensive assistance in freeze-cleave techniques with the blastocysts. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 17-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and development of junctional complexes between blastomeres of the preimplantation rabbit embryo were investigated using several approaches. Electron microscopic examination of embryos stained en bloc with uranyl acetate, and the study of junction permeability using horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate provided information on structure, intermembrane spacing and permeability of the junctional complexes. In addition, the freeze fracture technique was used with day 5 and day 6 blastocysts, since the large size of these embryos facilitated use of this method. These experiments showed that although rudimentary junctions were present between blastomeres of the early cleavage stages, effective tight junctions were not present until the blastocyst stage. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections revealed apical foci of membrane approximation or “fusion” between trophoblast cells by day 4. Freeze fracturing revealed a lattice of interconnecting ridges (on the A face) and grooves (on the B face) in the apical region between trophoblast cells of the day 5 blastocyst. This lattice formed a continuous band along the apical margin of each cell, and therefore constituted a zonula occludens. The zonula occludens of the day 5 blastocyst averaged 2-3 ridges per lattice, while day 6 blastocysts had lattices that averaged 5-6 ridges. Also seen in the freeze fracture replicas from the day 5 and day 6 blastocysts were local accumulations of intramembranous particles on the A face. These particles were often observed in aggregates similar to those of previously described gap junctions. It could not be determined whether these small regions of particles were true gap junctions or a possible primitive form of gap junction because the complementary pitted surfaces (B face pits) were not demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mouse uterine glands during the peri-implantation period II. Autoradiographic studies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 199 (1981), S. 109-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Protein synthesis and secretion in mouse uterine glands during the peri-implantation period were studied, by both light and electron microscopic autoradiography, after the in vivo administration of tritiated leucine (3H-leucine) and proline (3H-proline). Light microscopic autoradiography revealed that the time course of synthesis and secretion of labeled proteins was constant during days four, five, and six of pregnancy. Labeled material could be detected in the glandular lumen by 45 minutes after administration and in higher concentrations by 90 minutes after administration.Analysis of electron microscopic autoradiographs from days five and six of pregnancy showed that high levels of activity were initially present over the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes and subsequently declined at the longer time intervals (45 and 90 minutes), while activity over the glandular lumen increased with time. The pathway of intracellular transport to the glandular lumen appeared to be via small cytoplasmic vesicles on both days five and six of pregnancy. Additional pathways for transport of the labeled protein to the glandular lumen appeared to be present in the form of the large vesicles on day five and granules on day six of pregnancy.Throughout the peri-implantation period, mouse uterine glands were active secretory structures in which the mode of secretion was similar to other exocrine cells. Thus, the uterine glands of the mouse must be considered a source of uterine fluid proteins at the time of implantation that may contribute to quantitative changes in these proteins.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091990111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of exogenous protein by the preimplantation rabbitThis investigation was supported by grant 2 RO1 HD04962 from The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 179 (1974), S. 311-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of the uptake of exogenous proteins, peroxidase, ferritin, and myoglobin by rabbit blastomeres of different developmental stages was undertaken to determine some of the means by which these stages ingest protein. Exposure of embryos in preimplantation stages, ranging from fertilized ovum to late blastocyst, was carried out in vitro with selected in vivo controls. Blastomeres of early cleavage stages up to the morula show little uptake of peroxidase. However, the endocytosis of peroxidase greatly increases with the morula stages and continues at an elevated level through the blastocyst stages. The uptake of the tracer is initially accomplished via micropinocytotic vesicles and tubules and can have several subsequent fates. The tracer can pass into larger vacuoles and be transported into the cavity of the blastocyst, or can pass into multivesicular bodies where it is presumably degraded by the lysosomal system for cellular use. The use of myoglobin at selected blastocyst stages yielded results similar to those obtained with peroxidase. However, the response by the blastomeres to ferritin is different. Endocytosis of ferritin is scant at all preimplantation stages, even though the ferritin has no difficulty reaching the surface of the blastomeres. The experiment with mechanically denuded blastocysts indicated that ferritin did not adsorb to the cell surface.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091790304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface coats of the mouse blastocyst and uterus during the preimplantation periodSupported by grant 2 R01 HD04962 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 180 (1974), S. 31-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A glycoprotein coat is demonstrable on the free surface of both the blastocyst and uterine luminal epithelium of the mouse on day 4 and day 5 of normal pregnancy, and on day 7 of delayed implantation, using concanavalin A-peroxidase and ruthenium red. The coats are apparently negatively charged, as shown by their binding with colloidal thorium dioxide. The cell coat on uterine epithelium is appreciably thicker than that on the blastocyst. The information currently available is sufficient to suggest that simplistic mechanisms such as change in charge or total thickness cannot be the sole basis of initial adhesion, but that some localized reduction of the uterine surface coat accompanies adhesion. However, considerably more information is necessary concerning the nature of the surface coats before a more comprehensive understanding of the role of adhesion in implantation can be achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091800105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nonuniform distribution of acidic components on the human placental syncytial trophoblast surface membrane: A cytochemical and analytical studyThis work was supported by National Institute of Health Traineeship GM02016 (D.M.N.), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grants #5 R01 HD06415 (A.C.E.) and #HED 5 R01 HDO 7562 (C.H.S.), and the National Foundation for March of Dimes grant #CRBS - 309 (C.H.S.). (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 184 (1976), S. 159-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The surface coat of syncytial trophoblast from term human placentas was studied using cytochemical methods (colloidal iron, alcian bluelanthanum nitrate, dialyzed iron) in coordination with tissue enzyme digestions (trypsin, neuraminidase) and sialic acid analyses. The presence of at least two highly acidic anionic components that contribute significantly to the surface negativity of trophoblast has been demonstrated. The first of these, sialic acid, was removed with neuraminidase. Tissue digestion with this glycosidase was accompanied by a decrease in trophoblast surface staining with colloidal iron, a decrease in tissue sialic acid, and an increase in the concentration of sialic acid in the incubating medium. Results from methylation experiments were consistent with the presence of sialic acid. The second anionic component(s) was identified by removal with trypsin of a glycocalyx constituent that stained with both colloidal iron and lanthanum. After trypsinization, tissue sialic acid levels were not significantly different from control values, and no detectable sialic acid was present in the incubating medium. The identity of this anionic component has not been established. Both sialic acid and nonsialic acid acidic components are distributed in higher density on membrane of microvilli than on intermicrovillous surface membrane. In addition, the sialic acid moieties appear to be clustered in the glycocalyx.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091840204
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of trophoblast of the baboon blastocyst (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 225 (1989), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The structure of trophoblast of the baboon blastocyst undergoes a number of maturational changes from the early blastocyst to the late blastocyst stage. The striking expansion of the blastocyst that occurs during the preimplan tation period is accompanied by the development of an extensive endocytic apparatus. Cationized ferritin labels coated depressions and vesicles near the apical cell surface, numerous uncoated tubules and larger apical vesicles, and multivesicular bodies within trophoblast cells. Basally and laterally the labeled components are primarily small uncoated vesicles and tubules. Small, discrete clusters of ferritin particles were seen within the basolateral compartment between trophoblast and its basal lamina and beneath trophoblast cells that do not have a basal lamina. The results indicate that ingested materials may be directed in two pathways, one involving breakdown within the lysosomal system and one involving transcytosis. The zona pellucida is a trilaminar structure consisting of a fibrillar outer layer that often contains spermatozoa, an intermediate zone, and an inner layer containing columns of dense zonal material. Loss of the zona occurs after expansion of the blastocyst and development of the endocytic organelles. During the late blastocyst stage, syncytial trophoblast differentiates at the margin of the polar trophoblast. Because blastocysts were flushed from the uterus, it could not be determined whether azonal blastocysts had been adherent to the uterine surface prior to collection.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092250409
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of the inner cell mass of the baboon blastocyst (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 226 (1990), S. 237-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During the blastocyst stage of development in the baboon, the inner cell mass changes from an irregular accumulation of cells within the cavity of the blastocyst to a disk at one side of the blastocyst and finally to a spherial mass of epiblast cells exhibiting a distinct polarity. The cells that will become the primitive endoderm are first seen as flattened but undifferentiated cells on the cavity side of the disk-shaped inner cell mass. After endoderm cells develop their typical cytological characteristics, they extend well beyond the inner cell mass to form parietal endoderm. A basal lamina develops associated with the epiblast cells and mural trophoblast, but not with either parietal or visceral endoderm. Cytological differentiation of inner cell mass cells includes increased numbers of polyribosomes and a change in mitochondria from long, convoluted structures to short, more typical shapes. Evidence that epiblast is polarized is seen by the late zonal blastocyst stage. Apical junctional complexes develop within the center of the epiblast. These junctions presage the development of the potential amniotic cavity. Large vacuoles containing cell debris, some of which contain nuclear fragments, are present at all stages. Extensive cell death occurs during growth of the blastocyst, but the pattern appears to be random and products of cell death are readily phagocytized by adjacent cells.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092260213
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