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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental changes in rhesus monkey placental villi and cell columns (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 361-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Primate ; Chorionic villi ; Trophoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developing rhesus monkey placentas were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with special attention directed toward defining stages in the development of the villus branches. The initial phase in formation of villi was the conversion of reticulated trabeculae of syncytial trophoblast into chorionic villi by growth and proliferation of cell columns of cytotrophoblast. These villi were stout and unbranched. The second phase of development appeared to be the longitudinal splitting of the villi and cell columns to form groups of parallel branches but there was a common insertion of these into the basal plate. The third phase in formation of villi, which appeared to begin at about the same time as the longitudinal splitting occurred, was the outgrowth of largediameter side branches in a zone nearer the chorionic plate. At about 38–40 days of gestation the next stage in villus formation occurred, characterized by the emergence of numerous, small syncytial sprouts. Continued proliferation of villi at later stages of gestation resulted in a decreased diameter of the terminal villi and an increasing complexity in the course of fetal capillaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305573
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trophoblastic invasion and the development of uteroplacental arteries in the macaque: immunohistochemical localization of cytokeratins, desmin, type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblastic cells ; Spiral artery ; Extracellular matrix ; Uterus ; Macaca fascicularis (Primates) ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The processes by which trophoblast cells invade and modify the walls of the uteroplacental arteries of macaques during the course of gestation were examined. Antibodies to cytokeratins were employed to identify trophoblast, anti-desmin antibody to identify smooth muscle, and antibodies to type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin to examine changes in extracellular matrix distribution in the arterial wall. During early gestation, endovascular trophoblast adhered to the arterial wall, often in an asymmetrical distribution. As trophoblast cells moved outwardly into the tunica media, the basement membrane underlying the endothelium was lost, as indicated by gaps in the layer when stained for type IV collagen and laminin. Trophoblast cells became sequestered in the vessel wall where they hypertrophied and became surrounded by a capsule containing type IV collagen and laminin. As the trophoblast cells became established in the vessel wall, the muscular layer of the artery became discontinuous. Throughout gestation it was common for trophoblast cells to invade the vessel intimal layer and share the lining of the artery with typical endothelial cells. This general disposition of endovascular and intramural trophoblast persisted into late gestation. In addition, and contrary to the results of earlier studies of macaques, we identified trophoblastic invasion and modification of myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries in later gestation. We also found evidence of interstitial trophoblast cells among the stromal cells of the endometrium, especially during early gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302728
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trophoblastic invasion and modification of uterine veins during placental development in macaques (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblast ; Uterus ; Veins ; Basement membrane ; Placenta ; Macaca fascicularis (Primates) ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Trophoblast cells invade and modify the uterine vasculature to provide circulation of maternal blood through the placenta. Although evidence indicates fundamental differences between trophoblast modification of arteries and veins, interactions between trophoblast cells and uterine veins have not been addressed. In this report we describe the processes by which trophoblast cells invade and restructure uterine veins during placentation in the macaque. Antibodies were used to identify trophoblast, endothelium, and basement membranes. During early gestation, trophoblast migrated from the trophoblastic shell and, by intravasation, replaced portions of the wall and endothelium of veins in the vicinity of the shell; this is in contrast to invasion by extravasation reported for the arteries in this species. These areas had discontinuous endothelial basement membranes and the endothelial cells were variably hypertrophied. Deeper portions of veins were not invaded; this too is in contradistinction to the spiral arteries where trophoblastic modification extends to the myometrial segments. Later in gestation, those portions of veins interacting with trophoblast were contained within the trophoblastic shell or situated such that one side abutted the shell. These regions of the veins were lined by endothelium, but it could not be determined whether this represented re-endothelialization of regions formerly lined by trophoblast or if these endothelial cells were never displaced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327994
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental changes in the cell columns and trophoblastic shell of the macaque placenta: an immunohistochemical study localizing type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin and cytokeratins (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 274 (1993), S. 457-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblast ; Placenta ; Laminin ; Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Cytokeratin ; Extracellular matrix ; Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Developmental changes in the organization of cells and extracellular matrix in the cell columns and trophoblastic shell of macaque placentas have been examined between 37 days of gestation and term. Between 37 and 53 days a thickened basement membrane developed between the trophoblast cells of the proximal cell columns and the mesenchymal cores of contiguous anchoring villi. This layer stained strongly for type IV collagen and laminin, but weakly for fibronectin. Large “lakes” of extracellular matrix immunoreactive for all 3 of these antigens were present in the distal columns, while smaller amounts were distributed between cells of the proximal columns. During this period the trophoblast cells in the proximal shell reorganized, forming strands of cells that were separated by bands of matrix immunoreactive for type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. Staining for these antigens decreased abruptly at the junction between fetal and maternal tissues. Between 66 and 104 days the thick basement membrane of the proximal columns persisted, but stained only weakly for each of the 3 extracellular matrix antigens. The large lakes of matrix in the distal columns characteristic of earlier stages gradually disappeared. The cell columns became progressively shorter and the tips of the anchoring villi became embedded in the trophoblastic shell. The matrix of the shell decreased in immunostaining intensity except for narrow rims around the trophoblast cells. Gestational ages later than 104 days showed few additional changes in the distribution of the matrix antigens or cell organization of the columns and shell. The thick basement membrane-like layer persisted to term although it continued to stain weakly for the 3 matrix antigens. The distal ends of most anchoring villi were embedded in the trophoblastic shell. The developmental changes in the organization of the columns and shell may be related to changes in placental growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314542
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin in the cell columns and trophoblastic shell of early macaque placentas (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophoblast ; Placenta ; Laminin ; Collagen ; Fibronectin ; Extracellular matrix,-structures ; Macaca fascicularis (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytotrophoblastic cell columns and trophoblastic shell of macaque placentas accumulate progressively greater amounts of intercellular material during early gestation. We studied the composition of this material in placentas collected from 22–34 days of gestation by using immunoperoxidase techniques directed to the extracellular matrix molecules fibronectin, type IV collagen, and laminin. These antigens co-localized within the intercellular deposits at all stages studied. At day 22 the proximal cell columns were composed of cells with narrow interstices and which lacked immunoreactivity for the 3 antigens. Distally the cells were vacuolated and the intercellular spaces increased in size and contained dense matrix deposits. The trophoblastic shell consisted of closely packed, non-vacuolated cytotrophoblast cells with only a delicate meshwork of matrix. By day 27 the matrix deposits of the distal cell columns increased markedly in size. The trophoblastic shell contained larger numbers of vacuolated cells and was occupied by accumulations of matrix. By 34 days the matrix deposits of the cell columns expanded substantially along the longitudinal axes of the columns. These deposits were often continuous with a matrix-dense, cell-deficient layer in the trophoblastic shell. This matrix-rich zone lay between a cellular layer adjacent to the intervilous space and a similar, but discontinuous, cell layer that formed the junctional zone with the endometrium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the trophospongial layer of the kangaroo rat placentaThis investigations was supported in part by funds from USPHS grant 5 R01 HD06734 (B. F. K.) and by funds from the Research Advisory Board, University of Nevada (F. D. T.). (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 183 (1975), S. 567-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The trophospongial layer of the near-term kangaroo rat placenta was examined in the electron microscope. Two ultrastructurally different cellular zones were distinguishable - an inner zone adjacent to the labyrinth and a basal zone located mesometrial to the inner zone. Inner zone cells contained a well developed granular ER and Golgi apparatus as well as polymorphous membrane-limited granules. The cells also contained modest amounts of glycogen and lipid droplets. Basal zone cells were also rich in ER; some cells had dilated ER cisternae containing a highly structured material which appears as a sheet of hexagons when viewed en face. Basal zone cells may, among other things, function as glycogen storage cells, since they had large cytoplasmic accumulations of glycogen. Unlike the situation in some other rodents, maternal blood draining from the trophospongial layer was always contained in channels lined by a layer of squamous cells which, in turn, was separated from the trophospongial cells by a basal lamina. The trophospongial zones are compared with the trophosngial regions of other rodent placentas and possible functions are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091830407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions in human amniotic epithelium: An electron microscopic and freeze-fracture study (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 203 (1982), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface specializations and intercellular junctions of human term amniotic epithelium were examined by conventional thin-section electron microscopy, after staining with the cationic probes ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, and by freeze-fracture methods. Desmosomes were the predominant type of intercellular junction and often the most apical of the junctional types. In freeze-fracture replicas, desmosomes were characterized by roughly circular areas of large, often irregular, P-face intramembranous particles. Gap junctions were identified in the laterobasal regions between cells. In thin sections they were characterized by a narrow intercellular space, and in freeze-fracture replicas had a typical plaquelike arrangement of P-face intramembranous particles and E-face depressions. Hemidesmosomes at the basal cell surface were characterized by occasional large particles and clusters of particles on both the E and P fracture faces. No evidence of tight junctions was found. The apical cell surface was heavily stained by both ruthenium red and cationic ferritin, indicating the negatively charged nature of this surface. Ruthenium red penetrated between the epithelial cells and bound to anionic materials on the lateral cell surfaces, especially at the location of desmosomes. Below the base of the intercellular cleft, large ruthenium red-positive granules were present in the extracellular matrix. The possibility that the anionic substances in the intercellular region may contribute to the control of permeability in the amniotic epithelium is discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092030108
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fine structural and cytochemical study of the rhesus monkey yolk sac: Endoderm and mesothelium (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 205 (1983), S. 143-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study has examined the fine structure and some cytochemical characteristics of the endodermal and mesothelial cells of the rhesus monkey yolk sac between 25 and 66 days of gestation. The endodermal cells were characterized by abundant granular endoplasmic reticulaum, some agranular endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and numerous large mitochondria. During the earlier part of the period studied, endodermal cells had a few acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase-positive lysosomes and moderate numbers of catalase-positive microperoxisomes. During the later stages of development, large granules (believed to be lysosomes) with a heterogeneous content were numerous in the cytoplasm. Mesothelial cells showed fewer development changes. Throughout this period they were usually flattened cells with long microvilli, small mitochondria, and limited amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum. The mesothelial cells had acid phosphatase reaction product in the Golgi region and occasional large vesicles, but were negative for arylsulfatase and catalase. One specimen was incubated at 37°C in the presence of horseradish peroxidase in order to examine endocytosis. Both the mesothelial cells and endodermal cells internalized the peroxidase into a variety of cytoplasmic vesicles. Based on their cytology, the endodermal cells may function in the synthesis of serum proteins during this period, as has been suggested in other species. They may also be involved in lipid metabolism. The mesothelial cells appeared less synthetically active, but evidence suggested that they may be involved in collagen and extracellular matrix production. The endocytic activity displayed by both cell types may indicate a role in fluid and metabolite transfer across the epithelia. The cytology of both cell types was very similar to that described for human yolk sacs, suggesting that the rhesus monkey may be a useful species in which to study the maturation of yolk sac function.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092050205
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of horseradish peroxidase across monkey trophoblastic epithelium in coated and uncoated vesicles (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 211 (1985), S. 174-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study used membranous chorion of the macaque monkey placenta to examine uptake and processing of exogenous proteins. Tissue was incubated with either cationic or anionic horseradish peroxidase. Incubation time was varied between 5-25 min to follow the endocytic pathways. In spite of some differences in binding, uptake and processing of the isozymes was similar. In the presence of tracers at 37°C both horseradish peroxidases were taken up in large (150-175) nm diameter coated vesicles. In addition, coated tubules 300-400 nm in length and 50-100 nm in diameter were seen in the apical cytoplasm. Often, the tubules bud off small (85-105 nm diameter) protein-filled coated vesicles which traversed the cytoplasm and fused with the basal-lateral plasma membrane. In other cases, the tubules or vesicles lost their clathrin coats and fused to form larger endocytic vesicles which later fused with phagolysosomes. After longer incubation, larger uncoated vesicles (endosomes) were seen releasing their contents at the basal-lateral membrane. These results suggest that multiple transport pathways exist in this epithelium. The first, involving only coated structures, may function to sort and concentrate specific ligands important for embryonic development. The second, involving the formation and translocation of large uncoated vesicles to the basal-lateral membrane, may also provide nutrients to the embryo. A third pathway directs the protein to phagolysosomes where it is presumably degraded. Degradation products could be used by the cells of the membranous chorion or may provide nutrients to the embryo.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092110209
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural observations on cytoplasmic lamellar inclusions in oocytes of the rodent, Thomomys (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 189 (1977), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The object of the present study was to examine ovarian oocytes of the sciuromorph rodent. Thomomys townsendii, to determine if they contained cytoplasmic inclusions similar to those reported in myomorph rodents. Our observations indicated the presence of cytoplasmic lamellar inclusions of oocytes of primary, secondary and large vesicular follicles of Thomomys. Small primary oocytes contained numerous cytoplasmic lamellae which appeared as spirals or concentric rings in cross-section. Longitudinal sections suggested the inclusions were arranged as concentric cylindrical sheets of material. Secondary and vesicular oocytes had morphologically similar inclusions, but, in addition, often had a tubular element of the endoplasmic reticulum associated with the core of the lamellae. Tangential sections through the lamellae revealed a crystalline substructure, regardless of the age of the oocyte. Our results indicate that cytoplasmic lamellar inclusions are not restricted to myomorph rodents, but may well be present in other species. The lamellar inclusions are three-dimensionally most similar in structure to those described in the hamster, but several fine structural differences exist even between these species. Thomomys is the only species to date in which a close topographical association develops between the lamellar inclusions and elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. Since the lamellae-endoplasmic reticulum association was not observed in the youngest oocytes examined, it is unlikely the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in synthesis of the lamellae, but it may, nonetheless, be metabolically related to the lamellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091890211
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