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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The initial current flow in single and double wire loads exploded by current generators with dI/dt in the range of 1010–1012 A/s has been investigated using laser absorption and interferometric techniques. The results clearly show heterogeneous current channel formation with a plasma corona surrounding a predominantly neutral core. In the two wire load case, the corona is observed to separate from the core and prematurely implode on axis. Parasitic current channels were observed when material, outgassed by a low level prepulse current, is ionized to form a current carrying plasma channel that temporarily shields the wire from the main current pulse. In a complementary study on a terawatt generator, the radiation spectra from Mg coated Al wire array loads contained Mg K-shell lines 10 ns before similar Al lines were observed, confirming the load straggling effects implied by the laser imaging measurements. The results are consistent with theoretical predictions of heterogeneous current channels and precursor plasma formation that lead to a softer implosion, reduced ion density, and reduced x-ray yield. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suite 500, 5th Floor, 238 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA : Blackwell Science Inc.
    International journal of gynecological cancer 6 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1438
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although the results from chemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma have improved over the past 15 years with the introduction of platinum compounds, there are still a large number of patients who will relapse from complete response (clinical or pathological) to first line therapy, and there is little published data on prognostic factors for survival after relapse. A total of 270 patients from two randomized trials in ovarian carcinoma conducted in Scotland were reviewed and the data from 117 patients who were disease free after first line treatment were analyzed to determine prognostic factors associated with disease-free survival and survival after relapse respectively.The most important prognostic factors adversely influencing time to relapse were the presence of ascites at presentation and an advanced tumor stage. For time from relapse to death, the most important adverse features were: early relapse, no chemotherapy at relapse, histology other than serous and stage at diagnosis (either stage IC/II or stage III/IV with residual disease 〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:1048891X:IJG06010008:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉2 cm). From our results, 26% of patients who achieve complete response are alive and disease-free after 5 years, while 56% relapsed within 2 years. Of the patients whose disease-free period following initial complete response extends beyond 600 days, 50% can expect a further period of at least 600 days following relapse and subsequent therapy. Patients with ascites and advanced stage may be suitable for consideration of a more aggressive approach (high dose chemotherapy) once complete response is confirmed, the aim being to improve the disease-free period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Colposcopic, histological and cytological characteristics of 168 consecutive patients attending a colposcopy clinic were reviewed. A group of patients demonstrated a cluster of histological features previously related to possible human papilloma virus infection of cervical epithelium, including particularly koilocytosis, double nucleation and dyskeratosis. These patients had a significantly greater occurrence of colposcopic ‘finger-like’ lesion outline and colposcopic impression of warty change, but not of other specific colposcopic features. Over two-thirds of patients with histological warty features did not show these colposcopic changes. Cytological changes previously related to warty lesions did not occur commonly, and appeared to underestimate the histological occurrence of such changes. Histological changes considered to represent CIN were uncommon in patients who said that they had begun sexual activity less than 10 years ago, whereas patients with warty characteristics on histology showed no such bias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Of 420 patients attending a colposcopy clinic 204 were treated with outpatient cryosurgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It was possible to assess a definite outcome of therapy in 159 patients, and the lesion was successfully eradicated in 87% of them. Treatment failure appeared to be more common in patients of high parity, when the lesion extended into the cervical canal, and in those patients with large lesions. Failure appeared to be unrelated to patient age and to the histological grade of the lesion. In subsequent pregnancies utero-cervical function was preserved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 710-718 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Because of the large amount of kinetic energy and mass needed for efficient production of K-shell emission from moderate atomic number z-pinch plasmas (Z(approximately-greater-than)22), moderate Z experiments performed in the near future will likely take place at relatively low implosion velocities or low-η values, where η is defined as the ratio of the maximum kinetic energy per ion generated prior to stagnation to the minimum energy per ion, Emin, needed to instantly heat and to ionize a plasma into the K shell upon stagnation of the pinch. Since there has been no systematic theoretical or experimental investigations of K-shell yield scaling with mass and atomic number in the low-η regime η∼1–3, in anticipation of such future experiments, we report on the results of our theoretical investigation into this regime. In particular aluminum, argon, titanium, and krypton plasmas were studied using a 1D radiation hydrodynamics model that uses enhanced transport coefficients to phenomenologically attain the stagnation conditions of experimental z-pinches. The results of this study have identified the following important effects: low-η plasmas remain in an inefficient mass2 (or current4) scaling regime at much higher masses than predicted by our earlier work, which was based on η(approximately-greater-than)3.7 calculations. Thus, more energy than predicted by the earlier scaling laws will apparently be needed to obtain significant amounts of, for example, krypton K-shell emission. In addition, lags in ionization times become important increasingly with the Z of the plasma and adversely affect K-shell emission. The physics responsible for these time dependent effects and how they will influence the design of future experiments are discussed. ©1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 8362-8375 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with an Ir(111) surface has been studied with supersonic molecular beam techniques and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Initial adsorption probability S0, measurements as a function of incident kinetic energy Ei, surface temperature Ts, and angle of incidence θi reveal that separate mechanisms govern adsorption at low and high kinetic energy. This distinction is reflected in measurements of the initial molecular adsorption probability where a decrease in the value of S0 with increasing Ts (between 77 and 300 K) is observed at low kinetic energy (Ei〈0.45 eV), but no surface temperature dependence is detected at high kinetic energy in this temperature range. We present a model describing both the molecular and dissociative chemisorption of NO on Ir(111). At low kinetic energy, NO adsorbs initially as a physically adsorbed species. From this state, desorption to the gas phase or conversion to a molecularly chemisorbed state on the surface are competing processes which depend on surface temperature. The molecularly chemisorbed state is the precursor to dissociation for elevated surface temperatures. At high kinetic energy, NO adsorption occurs directly into the molecularly chemisorbed well, with the probability of trapping as a physically adsorbed species near zero and with undetectable direct dissociation. Indeed, after exposure of the Ir(111) surface at 77 K to a high kinetic energy (1.3 eV) beam, surface vibrational spectroscopy measurements show only features attributable to molecularly chemisorbed NO. The success of this model in describing our measurements is demonstrated by the separate calculation from low and high kinetic energy data of rate constants corresponding to forward and reverse conversion from the molecularly chemisorbed well. Additionally, we discuss attempts to promote dissociation on the surface with vibrational energy and with a combination of translational and surface thermal energy. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Government and opposition 17 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-7053
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 15 (1982), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: One thousand and forty-eight Phaseolus bean accessions were evaluated for resistance to six races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. The accessions originated from regions of the Americas and Africa where the disease is important and included wild type accessions and some known resistance sources. Resistance, graded on a five-point scale, was of two types: qualitative, which was shown to be race-specific, and quantitative. Race specific resistance genes (R-genes) were detected in 49.4% of accessions with the following gene frequencies: R1 (10.3%), R2 (0.3%), R3 (25.0%), R4 (35.0%) and R5 (0.2%).Evidence for quantitative variation in resistance, in the absence of specific R-genes, was shown by the distribution of infection scores, 76% of accessions showing maximum susceptibility (grades 4–5), 23% showing intermediate resistance (grades 2–4), and 1% showing high levels of quantitative resistance (grades 1–2). The last 1% of accessions showed interactions which were not race-specific and it is suggested that they may possess race non-specific resistance. It is possible that several of the accessions in this category carry the recessive gene derived from PI 150414. Other accessions were of unknown parentage and may represent new sources of quantitative, potentially race non-specific, resistance. It is suggested that the combination of race specific and race non-specific resistance could provide an effective strategy for establishing durable resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1245-1248 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Chronic salt loading ; Volume expansion ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Tubuloglomerular feedback ; Humoral substances in tubular fluid ; Chronische Salzbelastung ; Volumenexpansion ; Glomeruläre Filtrationsrate ; Tubuloglomeruläre Rückkoppelung ; Humorale Substanzen in tubulärer Flüssigkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei normalem Extrazellulärvolumen reduziert der Harnfluß durch das macula densa Segment der Henle'schen Schleife die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate durch ein Signal aus dem juxtaglomerulären Apparat (tubuloglomerulärer Rückkopplungsmechanismus, TGF). Bei Vergrößerung des Extrazellulärvolumens wird dieser Mechanismus gehemmt, so daß die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate ansteigt. Um festzustellen, ob diese Hemmung durch Veränderungen im juxtaglomerulären Apparat oder in der Tubulusflüssigkeit verursacht wird, wurden an zwei Gruppen von Ratten, deren Extrazellulärvolumen entweder normal war oder durch kochsalzreiche Ernährung expandiert wurde, Austauschversuche mit spätproximaler Tubulusflüssigkeit durchgeführt. Die Tubulusflüssigkeit wurde mit Mikrosaug/Perfusionspumpen gesammelt. Ihre Wirkung auf den TGF wurde geschätzt, indem Henle'sche Schleifen einzelner Tubuli mit 40, 10, und 0 nl/min perfundiert wurden, während gleichzeitig der Harnfluß (EPF) in einem glomerulusnahen Segment des jeweiligen proximalen Tubulus gemessen wurde. Insalzreich ernährten Tieren war die EPF von der Schleifenperfusionsrate unabhängig, wenn die Henle'schen Schleifen mithomologer Tubulusflüssigkeit perfundiert wurden. Mit Tubulusflüssigkeit aussalzarm ernährten Tieren und einer Schleifenperfusionsrate von 40 nl/min fiel die EPF jedoch um etwa 50% gegenüber dem Kontrollwert bei nichtperfundierter Schleife ab. Insalzarm ernährten Tieren, deren Henle'sche Schleifen mithomologer Tubulusflüssigkeit und einer Rate von 40 nl/min perfundiert wurden, fiel die EPF um etwa 50% gegenüber dem Kontrollwert bei nicht perfundierter Schleife ab. Mit Tubulusflüssigkeit aussalzreich ernährten Tieren war die EPF von der Schleifenperfusionsrate unabhängig. Es wird gefolgert, daß der TGF in volumenexpandierten Tieren durch eine Substanz in der Tubulusflüssigkeit gehemmt wird.
    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out in Wistar rats to determine whether the loss of sensitivity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (TGF) which is known to occur in volume expansion is due to a change in the functional characteristics of the juxtaglomerular apparatus or to a change in some property of the tubular fluid which influences the feedback signal at the macula densa. Proximal tubular fluid was collected by means of a microperfusion/suction pump from Wistar rats maintained for a minimum of 10 days on a high salt diet and also from rats fed a control low salt diet. Both fluids were then used to perfuse loops of Henle in rats from both groups and the feedback response assessed from the change in early proximal tubular flow rate (EPF). In high salt rats, perfusion of the loop of Henle with homologous tubular fluid confirmed the loss of sensitivity of the TGF mechanism in volume expansion, the response of EPF was practically absent. In contrast, the low salt rat responded with a 50% decrease in EPF to loop perfusion at 40 nl/min with its homologous fluid. On the other hand, when the loop of Henle in high salt rats was perfused at 40 nl/min with heterologous (low salt) tubular fluid, EPF again decreased by some 50% whereas EPF in low salt rats failed to respond to loop perfusion with high salt fluid. From these results it is concluded that in rats chronically volume expanded by a high salt diet an unknown inhibitory principle occurs in the proximal tubular fluid which reduces the sensitivity of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
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