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  • 1985-1989  (3)
  • 1988  (3)
  • Engineering  (2)
  • Life history  (1)
  • Chemistry
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  • 1985-1989  (3)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 350-356 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diapause ; Life history ; Development time ; Fecundity schedule ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) collected in Costa Rica and Panama lack the pupal diapause that is characteristic of flesh flies from the temperate zone and tropical Africa. The absence of a diapause capacity in the neotropical species correlates with several other life history traits: in most species the post feeding wandering phase of the third larval instar is longer and duration is more variable, adult life is longer, clutch size is smaller, and more clutches are produced. Among species that have the capacity for diapause, risk is invested primarily in the diapausing stage and other life stages are brief. Though diapausing species are short-lived, they produce as many or more progeny than nondiapausing species by increasing clutch size. The slower and more variable developmental rate and increased adult longevity desynchronizes development and permits the nondiapausing species to spread an environmental risk over different stages of the life cycle, thus offering an alternative to diapause. Other traits such as body size, developmental velocity, thermal constant thresholds, thermal constants, age at first reproduction, and the interval between clutches do not appear related to the capacity for diapause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 12 (1988), S. 141-155 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples performed by different investigators have shown that soil dilatancy and extensibility of the reinforcements have a significant effect on the generated tension forces in the inclusions. An appropriate soil--reinforcement load transfer model, integrating the effect of soil dilatancy and reinforcement extensibility is therefore needed to adequately predict forces in the inclusions under expected working loads. This paper present a load transfer model assuming an elastoplastic strain hardening behaviour for the soil and an elastic--perfectly plastic behaviour for the reinforcement. This model is used to analyse the response of the reinforced soil material under triaxial compression loading. A companion paper present the application of this model for numerical simulations of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. The model allows an evaluation of the effect of various parameters such as mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface, on the development of resisting tensile stresses in the reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the behaviour of the reinforced soil material. An attempt is also made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical predictions with available experimental results of both triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced soil samples. This model can be used for analysis and design of reinforced soil walls with different types of tension resisting inclusions to predict tension forces under expected working loads.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 12 (1988), S. 157-171 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A soil-reinforcement load transfer model was developed by the authors1 to simulate the response of the reinforced soil material to triaxial compression and direct shearing. This paper presents the application of the proposed model for the numerical analysis of direct shear tests on sand samples reinforced with different types of tension resisting reinforcements. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effect of the mechanical characteristics and dilatancy properties of the soil, extensibility (elastic modulus) of the reinforcements, and their inclination with respect to the failure surface on the response of the reinforced soil material to direct shearing. An attempt is made to verify the proposed model by comparing numerical test simulations with experimental results reported by Jewell,2 and Gray and Ohashi.3 Comparisons of predicted and experimental results illustrate that the model can provide adequate simulations of the response of the reinforced soil material to shearing. In particular, it allows an evaluation of the effect of soil dilatancy (or contractancy), and extensibility of the reinforcement on tension forces generated in inclusions during shearing.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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