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  • 1990-1994  (6)
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  • 1994  (6)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic domain structure and microscopic magnetization reversal processes in epitaxial Fe/GaAs(001) films with cubic anisotropy and in-plane easy axes have been investigated by a Lorentz microscope equipped with a magnetizing stage. For the films of a few hundred angstroms thickness we observe the single domain remanent state predicted for a two-dimensional film but find that domains play a crucial role in the magnetic reversal process. For reversal along the in-plane 〈110〉 directions (hard axes), magnetization reversal proceeds via a combination of coherent rotation and displacements of weakly pinned 90° domain walls at critical fields. For magnetization reversal along the in-plane 〈100〉 directions (easy axes), an irregular checkerboard domain structure develops at the critical field and both 180° and 90° domain walls coexist. The reversal of the domains with magnetization vector opposite to the applied field direction takes place by a combination of two 90° reorientations. We discuss how these processes are related to the magnetic anisotropies present in the film and the macroscopic M-H hysteresis curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6501-6503 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An electron-microscopy-based technique of electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been used to characterize electronic and magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe films grown on GaAs(100) surface, as a function of the film thickness. Large-area electron transparent membranes for microscopic analysis are prepared by ion-beam thinning or chemical etching from the substrate side, and the top surface of the ultrathin Fe film is protected by a thin Cr layer. Analysis of the Fe 2p, Cr 2p, and O 1s absorption spectra confirms that only the Cr layer is oxidized. The local magnetic moments of the ultrathin Fe films are deduced from the "white line'' branching ratio in the Fe 2p absorption spectra. For Fe films as thin as 150 A(ring), the magnetic moment is not different from that found in bulk α-Fe. For a 70-A(ring) Fe film, the local magnetic moment is enhanced although the average magnetization is reduced. As doping is suspected to be the cause for the departure from bulk α-Fe properties. In the case where the 50-A(ring) film is polycrystalline and discontinuous, spatially resolved EELS has been used to distinguish small island clusters from large crystalline particles. The large particles are α-Fe crystallites and the islands are probably also heavily affected by As doping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-5002
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 22 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract – The United States and Norway have approximately the same per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and average personal income, but their per capita health spending patterns are quite different. In 1982, the US spent 6.5% of its total health expenditures on dental services while Norway spent 5.4%. A higher percentage of Norwegian adults see a dentist annually as compared to US adults. In 1984, the mean net income of dentists in private practice was $66940 in the US and 27 125 in Norway; this is respectively 5 and 1 3/4 times the average per capita income in those countries. The American publicly-employed dentist earned approximately two-thirds of what the American private practitioner made, while still earning approximately 50% more than his Norwegian counterpart. Some basic information concerning the ratios of dentists, specialists, and dental hygienists to the population is given. The relative proportion of women dentists in the two countries is contrasted. Finally, data on graduates from the dental schools, enrollment cuts, and estimated dentist to population ratios by the year 2000 are described to compare future manpower that will be available to the two countries. Several dissimilarities in the political and social systems are described and discussed. It is emphasized that caution should be used when interpreting and comparing data about countries with different dental delivery, political, and social systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral pathology & medicine 23 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0714
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Stimulated parotid salivary flow rates were compared in elderly normotensive, hypertensive, and controlled hypertensive African–Americans, the latter group taking hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). The normotensive group consisted of 15 healthy unmedicated subjects with systolic blood pressures of less than 150 mm Hg and diastolic pressures less than 90 mm Hg. The hypertensive group consisted of 10 unmedicated subjects with systolic pressures greater than 160 mm Hg and diastolic pressures greater than 100 mm Hg. The controlled hypertensive group consisted of 20 subjects taking HCTZ (50 mg, daily) with controlled blood pressures similar to the normotensive control group. Stimulated parotid salivary samples were collected from each subject. A 2% citrate solution applied to the dorsum of the tongue was used for stimulation. The results showed no significant differences in stimulated parotid flow rates between normotensive and uncontrolled hypertensive subjects. However, the medicated, controlled hypertensive subjects had a significant reduction of stimulated parotid salivary flow rates compared to both the normotensive and hypertensive groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: μ-Oxodi(acidophthalocyaninatoferrates(III)) ; spectroscopic, magnetic and Mößbauer properties, ferromagnetic coupling ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dimeric Low-Spin Iron(III) Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Properties of Ferromagnetically Coupled μ-Oxodi(acidophthalocyaninatoferrates(III))μ-Oxodi(phthalocyaninatoiron(III)) ([(FePc2-)2O]) dissolved in pyridine reacts with different Tetra(n-butyl)ammonium salts yielding partly solvated Di(tetra(n-butyl)ammonium)-μ-oxodi(acidophthalocyaninatoferrates(III)) ((nBu4N)2[(Fe(X)Pc2-)2O]; X- = CN-, Im-, NCO-, NCS-, NO2-). The uv-vis. spectra show the typical B, Q, N and L regions of the Pc2- ligand scarcely influenced by the axial ligands X. In comparison with [(FePc2-)2O] mainly the B region is hypsochromically shifted due to strong excitonic coupling (〉 3 kK). Two regions of weak absorbance at ca. 7.6-8.7 and 11.4-13.0 kK are assigned to trip-doublet transitions. The m.i.r. and resonance Raman spectra are dominated by the fundamental vibrations of the Pc2- ligand being characteristic for hexa-coordinated low-spin FeIII phthalocyanines. Internal vibrations of the ambident axial ligands X are in accordance with the proposed Fe—X bond. The i.r. active asym. (Fe—O—Fe) stretching vibration is observed in the region 631-690 cm-1. Fe—X stretching vibrations are only present in the f.i.r. spectra. The magnetic properties and Mößbauer spectra are interpreted in terms of an electronic model which assumes that a S′ = 1 ground state arises from strong ferromagnetic coupling of the low-spin FeIII centres. Both spin-Hamiltonian and ligand-field models have been employed to fit the variable temperature susceptibility data. These low-spin μ-oxo FeIII dimers are rare compared to the many known examples of coupled high-spin species including the parent, [(FePc2-)2O].
    Notes: In Pyridin gelöstes μ-Oxodi(phthalocyaninatoeisen(III))([(FePc2-)2O]) reagiert mit verschiedenen Tetra(n-butyl)ammoniumsalzen unter Bildung von teilweise solvathaltigen Di(tetra(n-butyl)ammonium)-μ-oxodi(acidophthalocyaninatoferraten(III)) ((nBu4N)2[(Fe(X)Pc2-)2O]; X- = CN-, Im-, NCO-, NCS-, NO2-). In den UV-Vis-Spektren heben sich die für den Pc2--Liganden typischen B-, Q-, N- und L-Regionen, wenig vom axialen Liganden X beeinflußt, deutlich heraus. Wegen der starken Excitonen-Kopplung (〉 3 kK) ist insbesondere die B-Region gegenüber der von [(FePc2-)2O] hypsochrom verschoben. Schwache Absorptionsbereiche bei ca. 7,6-8,7 und 11,4-13,0 kK werden Trip-Dublett-Übergängen zugeordnet. Die MIR- und Resonanz-Raman-Spektren werden von den Fundamentalschwingungen des Pc2--Liganden dominiert, die für hexakoordinierte low-spin FeIII-Phthalocyanine charakteristisch sind. Ausgewählte interne Schwingungen der ambidenten Axialliganden X stützen die angenommene Art der Fe—X-Bindung. Die ir-aktive, asym. (Fe—O—Fe)-Valenzschwingung tritt ligandabhängig zwischen 631 und 690 cm-1 auf. Fe—X-Valenzschwingungen werden nur im FIR-Spektrum beobachtet. Die magnetischen Eigenschaften und die Mößbauer-Spektren werden anhand eines elektronischen Modells diskutiert, welches auf der Annahme eines (S′ = 1)-Grundzustandes basiert, der aus der starken ferromagnetischen Kopplung der beiden low-spin FeIII-Zentren resultiert. Für die Anpassung der Temperaturabhängigkeit der magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten sind sowohl das Modell des einfachen Spin-Hamilton-Operators als auch Ligandenfeld-Modelle verwendet worden. Diese low-spin μ-Oxo-Eisen(III)-Dimere sind angesichts der vielen bekannten Beispiele gekoppelter high-spin Spezies, [(FePc2-)2O] eingeschlossen, eine Rarität.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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