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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new force controlled atomic force microscope for use in ultrahigh vacuum (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2281-2285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We introduce a magnetic force controlled atomic force microscope (AFM) and point contact probe for use in ultrahigh vacuum and describe how our technique can significantly enhance the current capabilities of scanning probe microscopes. The instrument is specially designed to provide quantitative information on the nature of the tip-surface interaction. Forces are applied directly to magnetic material deposited behind the AFM tip via a current carrying coil. Oscillating the applied force and measuring the resulting displacement amplitude gives a continuous measurement of the absolute force gradient or contact stiffness. From this measurement the contact area or effective interaction area can be calculated for clean surfaces, thus eliminating the problems of unknown resolution and also facilitating the study of conduction and mechanical properties of small volumes. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147047
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regrowth of the photoquenchable defect relating to the hopping conduction in arsenic-ion-implanted semi-insulating GaAs (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 4488-4490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The quenching phenomenon in Mott-type hopping conduction below 125 K has been observed in As+-ion-implanted semi-insulating GaAs. The crystallinity of the implanted layer was evaluated using Rutherford backscattering and Raman scattering methods. The hopping conduction was observed in the as-implanted and annealed samples. The as-implanted layer was amorphous, while the annealed layers remained crystalline, consisting of a disordered structure with a displacement fraction of ∼1021 cm−3. In the samples annealed at 500 °C, it is suggested that some of the As precipitates are located on Ga sites, leading to the disappearance of the A1 g Raman active mode of the As clusters. The hopping conduction was photoquenched as the defect concentration reached ∼6×1017 cm−3, indicating the regrowth of the AsGa antisite defects as a main component of EL2. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363423
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recording characteristics of Co-γFe2O3 perpendicular magnetic recording media : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4884-4886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The recording characteristics of Co-γFe2O3 perpendicular magnetic recording hard disk media were investigated. Sliding contact recording was performed to evaluate the intrinsic high-density recording performance of the media with using a metal-in-gap-type ring head. The half-voltage density D50 of 176 kFRPI and low-density reproduced voltage Ep of 143 nVp-p/[turn μm (m/s)] were obtained for the optimal medium whose Co-γFe2O3 layer thickness was 0.13 μm and perpendicular coercivity was 1800 Oe. The pass wear durability test was performed at 2 m/s, or at a disk rotation of 830 rpm. The reproduced voltage did not decrease with time, and scratches and damage were not observed on the tested track even after 18 000 000 passes. The Co-γFe2O3 medium is one of the candidates for ultrahigh-density recording media because of its specific advantages; superior high density recording performance and hardness tolerable for sliding contact use. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361640
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co–Cr films prepared by sputtering using electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4896-4898 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The sputtering deposition using an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma was tried to use in the fabrication of the Co–Cr perpendicular magnetic recording media. As the Ar sputtering gas pressure increased from 4×10−2 to 8×10−2 Pa, the Co(002) x-ray diffraction peak intensity increased and the half-value width of the rocking curve Δθ50 decreased. This result implies that Co–Cr films with high perpendicular orientation and good crystallinity are achieved at high Ar gas pressure. The Co–Cr films deposited at a target to substrate distance of 230 mm had a good preferred crystal orientation (Δθ50 less than 4°), high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (Hk higher than 4 kOe), and high perpendicular coercivity over 1400 Oe even though the Co–Cr thickness is as small as about 50 nm, and no underlayers were introduced. Thus, the ECR sputtering has high potential in the deposition of the Co–Cr films for ultrahigh density recording media. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361925
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning magnetoresistance microscopy (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 3263-3265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have developed a new scanning magnetic microscopy which uses commercial magnetoresistive (MR) record/playback heads as sense probes. Two-dimensional magnetic images are constructed by bringing the MR head into physical contact with the sample, and then acquiring MR voltage while the head is raster scanned using a high resolution (∼1 nm), linearized positioning stage. With currently available MR heads, an upper bound on the spatial resolution is 0.1×2.0 μm. This technique has broad applications beyond the magnetic storage media for which these heads were designed. In addition to magnetic imaging, this instrument can also be used to evaluate contact record and playback processes. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118030
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and development of a bimodal length-frequency distribution during smoking in a wild population of white-spotted charr in northern Japan (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Smolt age and size, and individual growth during smoking were examined in a wild population of white-spotted charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis, in a small stream in northern Japan. Smolt size (110–210 mm F.L.) differed neither between sexes nor among age cohorts of 2–7 years. Back-calculation of riverine growth of smolts using otoliths showed a gradually increasing discrepancy in fork lengths of these age cohorts in both males and females, the faster-growing individuals smolting at an earlier age. A mark—recapture study on individually-identified fish revealed that the initial (spring-summer) length-frequency distribution of parr was unimodal, but became slightly skewed to the larger side in autumn, resulting in a bimodal distribution being evident by the following spring, with the upper modal group primarily composed of smolts. However, closer examination revealed that both male and female potential (subsequent) smolts were larger than the potential parr in the previous spring, the minimum lengths of the former being around 90–100 mm f.l. Specific growth rates of the potential smolts remained relatively high after summer through to the following spring, whereas those of the potential parr decreased after summer, despite having been similar between the two groups during the previous spring and summer. These observations revealed that the developmental triggering of smelting possibly occurs in or following the summer season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01419.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemically demonstrated variation in expression of cathepsin E between uracil-induced papillomatosis and N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced preneoplastic and neoplastic changes in rat urinary bladder (1996)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 427 (1996), S. 589-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cathepsin E ; Uracil ; N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine ; Rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis ; Papillomatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Expression of rat urinary bladder cathepsin E in benign papillomatosis induced by uracil and various stages of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-induced carcinogenesis was investigated immunohistochemically. Seven-week-old, male F344/DuCrj rats were used. In the normal urothelium of control rats, cathepsin E stained in all layers of cells, although in umbrella cells and some basal cells the reaction was relatively weak. In rats given a diet containing 3% uracil for 5 weeks immunoreactivity of cathepsin E in uracil-induced papillomatosis was consistently homogeneous in all layers, but weaker than in normal urothelium. In rats given 0.05% BBN in drinking water for 12 weeks and subsequently maintained without treatment for 48 weeks cells with little cathepsin E, never observed in normal urothelium, appeared at 5 weeks above the basement membrane in the earliest stage of BBN-induced urinary bladder cancer (simple hyperplasia). Throughout the neoplastic process, groups of cells with a little cathepsin E were randomly distributed, with expression in the urothelium being markedly unstable. Almost all areas of squamous cell proliferation in TCC were negative for cathepsin E. Instability of cathepsin E expression in rat urothelium therefore appears characteristic for carcinogenesis and offers the possibility of using this feature as an early biomarker for urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202890
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct mechanical measurement of interatomic potentials (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 384 (1996), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Directly mapping out interatomic forces, including strong interaction and even equilibrium separation, requires exploration of rapidly varying forces and gradients. Any real apparatus for force measurement also has a finite rigidity or spring constant. In the case of the atomic force microscope ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384247a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springs of Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 118-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Springs ; Water supply ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract There are numerous springs in Japan. The largest and most famous ones are volcanic and karstic springs. Springs in the areas of Mount Fuji, Mount Aso, and Akiyoshidai are discussed here as sources of water used for drinking, irrigation, fish cultivation, industrial water, and sightseeing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061683
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springs of Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 118-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words: Springs ; Water supply ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract There are numerous springs in Japan. The largest and most famous ones are volcanic and karstic springs. Springs in the areas of Mount Fuji, Mount Aso, and Akiyoshidai are discussed here as sources of water used for drinking, irrigation, fish cultivation, industrial water, and sightseeing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061683
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