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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurogenetics 1 (1997), S. 43-47 
    ISSN: 1364-6753
    Keywords: Keywords: FRDA, Friedreich ataxia, STM7, X25, locus heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: ABSTRACT Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common form of autosomal recessive ataxia. The disease locus was assigned to chromosome 9 and the disease gene, STM7/X25, has been isolated. To date most data suggest locus homogeneity in FRDA. We now provide strong evidence of a second FRDA locus. Studying two siblings with FRDA from two families we did not detect a mutation in STM7/X25. Haplotype analysis of the STM7/X25 region of chromosome 9 demonstrated that the relevant portion of chromosome 9 differs in the patients. Although the patients studied had typical FRDA, one sibpair had the uncommon symptom of retained tendon reflexes. In order to investigate whether retained tendon reflexes are characteristic of FRDA caused by the second locus, FRDA2, we studied an unrelated FRDA patient with retained tendon reflexes. The observation of typical mutations in STM7/X25 (GAA exopansions) in this patient demonstrates that the two genetically different forms of FRDA cannot be distinguished clinically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1122
    Keywords: Key words:Foreign exchange rates, intra-daily, heterogeneous, distribution ¶JEL classification:F31, G15, E44 ¶Mathematics Subject Classification (1991):90-02, 62-07, 62P20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper presents stylized facts concerning the spot intra-daily foreign exchange markets. It first describes intra-daily data and proposes a set of definitions for the variables of interest. Empirical regularities of the foreign exchange intra-daily data are then grouped under three major topics: the distribution of price changes, the process of price formation and the heterogeneous structure of the market. The stylized facts surveyed in this paper shed new light on the market structure that appears composed of heterogeneous agents. It also poses several challenges such as the definition of price and of the time-scale, the concepts of risk and efficiency, the modeling of the markets and the learning process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 50 (1999), S. 163-164 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 235 (1997), S. 545-550 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article reviews recent molecular genetic findings in autosomal dominant craniosynostotic syndromes. A mutation in the homeotic geneMSX2 was the first genetic defect identified in an autosomal dominant primary craniosynostosis, i.e. in craniosynostosis type 2 (Boston type). In the more common syndromes of Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Jackson-Weiss, and Apert, mutations were found in the gene coding for fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2. Less frequently, mutations are observed in FGFRI and FGFR3 in some cases of Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndrome. The mutations identified in FGFR2 are located in exons 5 and 7 of the gene that code for immunoglobulin (Ig)-like chain III and the region linking Ig II and Ig III of the receptor. These domains of the receptor are important for ligand binding. Apart from Apert syndrome, identical mutations are found in the clinically distinct syndromes of Crouzon, Pfeiffer, and Jackson-Weiss. Furthermore, the same gene defect can result in a highly variable phenotype even within one family. Therefore, the clinically distinct craniosynostotic syndromes are extremes of a spectrum of craniofacial abnormalities and not nosologic entities. In Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, the gene coding for transcription factorTWIST is mutated. The disease genes identified in craniosynostotic syndromes to date either regulate transcription or are required for signal transduction and play a central role in the development of the calvarial sutures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1777
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 935-941 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antifungal ; diketopiperazine ; Cyphomyrmex minutus ; fungus-growing ant ; symbiosis ; Tyridiomyces formicarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attine fungus Tyridiomyces formicarum, the symbiont of the fungus-growing ant Cyphomyrmex minutus, produces several antifungal diketopiperazines. This represents the first identification of antifungal compounds from an attine symbiont and contradicts previous suggestions that attine fungi do not produce metabolites with antifungal activity. T. formicarum probably produces antifungal compounds in defense (1) against other fungi that invade the gardens and escape the weeding activity of the ants, or (2) against ant-pathogenic fungi that could harm the host ants. Fungi cultivated by fungus-growing ants may represent a rich source of additional bioactive metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1201-1202 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cobalt(II) complex ; 1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-imidazole ligand ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Bis(1,2-dimetyl-5-nitro-imidazole)dichlorocobalt(II)Bis(1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-imidazol)dichlorocobalt(II) was obtained by reaction of CoCl2 · 6 H2O with 1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-imidazole in methanol. The compound forms blue crystals which were characterized by IR and UV-vis spectroscopy and by an X-ray crystal structure determination. Co(C5H7N3O2)2Cl2: tetragonal, space group I42d, Z = 8, a = 1142.1(1) pm, c = 2577.3(2) pm. R = 0.036 for 670 independent reflexions. The Co atom is tetrahedrally surrounded by two chlorine and two N atoms at distances of 222.8(2) and 203.5(4) pm.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1033-1034 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tetraphenylphosphonium-tetradecachlorotetraarsenate(III) ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tetraphenylphosphonium Tetradecachlorotetraarsenate(III), (PPh4)2As4Cl14The title compound was obtained by reaction of As4S4, PPh4Cl and chlorine in dichloromethane. According to its X-ray crystal structure analysis, the As4Cl142- ion can be described as an association product of two AsCl4- units and two AsCl3 molecules. The As atoms and ten Cl atoms are approximately in a plane, the remaining four Cl atoms alternately take positions above and below this plane. The As atoms have distorted ψ octahedral coordination.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Trinuclear zirconium complex ; phosphanido ligand ; phosphinidene ligand ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: P—H-functionalised Phosphanido Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry: Molecular Structure of CpZr(μ-PHtBu)2(μ-PtBu)2 {Zr(μ-Cl)Cp}2The reaction of polymeric [CpZrCl3]n with solvent-free LiPHtBu yields the trinuclear ZrIII/ZrIV complex CpZr(μ-PHtBu)2(μ-PtBu)2 {Zr(μ-Cl)Cp}2 (1) in a redox reaction in low yield. The oxidation product (PHtBu)2 is observed by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. 1 crystallises tetragonal in the space group P43212 with a = 1130.5(5) pm and c = 3415.7(5) pm.
    Notes: Die Reaktion von polymerem [CpZrCl3]n mit solvatfreiem LiPHtBu liefert in einer Redoxreaktion den dreikernigen ZrIII/ZrIV-Komplex CpZr(μ-PHtBu)2(μ-PtBu)2{Zr(μ-Cl)Cp}2 (1) in geringer Ausbeute. 31P-NMR-spektroskopisch kann die Bildung des Oxidationsprodukts (PHtBu)2 gezeigt werden. 1 kristallisiert tetragonal in der Raumgruppe P43212 mit a = 1130,5(5) pm und c = 3415,7(5) pm.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 957-961 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cyclic thiophosphate ; cyclic thiochlorosilicate ; dichlorodithiophosphate ; dibromodithiophosphate ; crystal structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Two New Cyclic Thioanions: (PPh4)2[1,3-P2S8] and (PPh4)2[Si2S6Cl2]. New Synthetic Access Routes to PPh4[PS2Cl2] and PPh4[ PS2Br2](PPh4)2[P2S8] was obtained from tetraphenylphosphonium polysulfide and white phosphorus in acetonitrile. According to its X-ray crystal structure analysis (4229 reflexions, R = 0.079) the P2S82- ion consists of a six-membered ring in chair conformation made up from four sulfur and two phosphorus atoms in 1,3 positions; in addition, each P atom has two terminal sulfur atoms. (PPh4)2[Si2S6Cl2] · 2 CH2Cl2 was obtained from Na2S4, PPh4Cl and SiCl4 in dichloromethane. The Si2S6Cl22- ion also has a six-membered ring structure, consisting of four sulfur and two silicon atoms in 1,4 positions (X-ray structure analysis, 2694 reflexions, R = 0.032). PPh4[PS2Cl2] is accessible by the following reactions: 1P4S3 + PPh4Cl + chlorine in CH2Cl2;2PSCl3 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in CH2Cl2;3PCl5 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in acetonitrile;4PCl3 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in acetonitrile;5P4S10 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in acetonitrile .P4S3 or react with PPh4Cl and bromine to yield PPh4[PS2Br2]. PPh4[PS2Cl2] crystallizes isotypic to PPh4[PS2Br2] in the BiPh4[ClO4] structure type with orientational disorder of the PS2Cl2- ions in positions with site symmetry 4.
    Notes: Aus Tetraphenylphosphonium-polysulfid und weißem Phosphor wurde in Acetonitril (PPh4)2[1,3-P2S8] hergestellt. Nach seiner Kristallstrukturanalyse mittels Röntgenbeugung (R = 7,9% für 4229 Reflexe) besteht das 1,3-P2S82--Ion aus einem sechsgliedrigen Ringgerüst in Sesselkonformation mit vier Schwefel- und zwei Phosphoratomen in 1,3-Stellung sowie zwei terminalen Schwefelatomen an den P-Atomen. (PPh4)2[Si2S6Cl2] · 2 CH2CI2 wurde aus Na2S4, PPh4Cl und SiCl4 in Dichlormethan erhalten. Das Si2S6Cl22--Ion hat ebenfalls ein sechsgliedriges Ringgerüst in Sesselkonformation, bestehend aus vier Schwefel- und zwei Si-Atomen in 1,4-Stellung (Röntgenstrukturanalyse mit 2694 Reflexen, R = 3,2%). Mit folgenden fünf Syntheseverfahren läßt sich PPh4[PS2Cl2] herstellen: 1P4S3 + PPh4Cl + Chlor in CH2Cl2;2PSCl3 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in CH2Cl2;3PCl5 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in Acetonitril4PCl3 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in Acetonitril5P4S10 + Na2S4 + PPh4Cl in Acetonitril.Aus P4S3 oder P4S10, PPh4Cl und Brom ist PPh4[PS2Br2] zugänglich. PPh4[PS2Cl2] kristallisiert isotyp zu PPh4[PS2Br2] im BiPh4[ClO4]-Typ, mit fehlgeordneten PS2Cl2--Ionen in Punktlagen der Symmetrie 4.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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