Bibliothek

Notizen: The photodissociation of dimethylsulfoxide [(CH3)2SO] at 193.3 nm has been investigated using the molecular beam time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometric technique. In addition to CH3 and SO, CH3SO is also observed as a stable primary product, indicating that CH3SO+CH3 is an important product channel for the 193.3 nm photodissociation of (CH3)2SO. The analysis of the TOF data provides evidence that SO is formed via a stepwise mechanism: (CH3)2SO+hν (193.3 nm)→CH3SO+CH3→2CH3+SO. The analysis also indicates that (approximate)53% of the primary CH3SO radicals undergo further dissociation to produce CH3+SO, yielding a quantum yield of (approximate)1.53 for CH3. Within the sensitivity of our experiment, the product channel of CH3SCH3+O is not found. The angular distribution for the formation of CH3SO+CH3 is found to be isotropic, an observation consistent with a predissociation mechanism, in which the dissociation of photoexcited (CH3)2SO is slow compared to its rotational period. The energetics for selected dissociation reactions of (CH3)2SO have also been investigated by ab initio calculations at the G2(MP2) level of theory. The experimental dissociation energy at 0 K (53±2 kcal/mol) for the CH3–SOCH3 bond obtained here is in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction of 52.6 kcal/mol. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: We have obtained rotationally resolved pulsed field ionization–photoelectron (PFI-PE) spectra of CO in the energy range of 13.98–21.92 eV, covering the ionization transitions CO+(X 2Σ+,v+=0–42,N+)←CO(X 1Σ+,v″=0,N″). The PFI-PE bands for CO+ (X 2Σ+, v+=8–22, 24, and 28–39) obtained here represent the first rotationally resolved spectroscopic data for these states. The high-resolution features observed in the PFI-PE spectra allow the identification of vibrational bands for the CO+ (X 2Σ+, v+=10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 29–31, 33, 35–37, and 39) states, which strongly overlap with prominent vibrational bands of the CO+(A 2Π3/2,1/2,B 2Σ+) states. The simulation using the Buckingham–Orr–Sichel model has provided accurate molecular constants for CO+(X 2Σ+,v+=0–42), including ionization energies, vibrational constants (ωe+=2218.8±3.5 cm−1, ωe+xe+=16.20±0.32 cm−1, ωe+ye+=0.074±0.011 cm−1, and ωe+ze+=−0.001 83±0.000 13 cm−1), and rotational constants [Be+=1.9797±0.0051 cm−1, αe+=0.0201±0.0011 cm−1, γe+=0.000 122±0.000 067 cm−1, ze+=−(5.2±1.1)×10−6 cm−1]. Enhancement of ΔN〈0 rotational branches, attributable to field-induced rotational autoionization, was clearly discernible in PFI-PE bands for CO+ (X 2Σ+, v+=0–5, 11, and 12). Significant local enhancements due to near-resonance autoionization were observed for low v+ (〈10) PFI-PE bands of CO+(X 2Σ+), where the density of interloper Rydberg states converging to higher ionic levels is high as manifested in the photoion spectrum. The observation of a long vibrational progression in the Franck–Condon gap region, where strong autoionization states are absent, is consistent with the suggestion that high-n Rydberg states converging to highly excited vibrational levels of CO+(X 2Σ+) are partially populated via direct excitation to a repulsive neutral state. The relatively minor band intensity variation observed for high v+ PFI-PE bands is also in accord with the direct excitation model. Since ΔN=0, ±1, ±2, and ±3 rotational branches are observed in the PFI-PE spectra, we conclude that the ejected photoelectrons are restricted to angular momentum continuum states l=0–4. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: Accurate spin–orbit splitting constants (Av+) for the vibrational levels v+=0–41 of CO+(A 2Π3/2,1/2) have been determined in a rotationally resolved pulsed field ionization photoelectron study. A change in slope is observed in the v+ dependence for Av+ at v+(approximate)19–20. This observation is attributed to perturbation of the CO+(A 2Π) potential by the CO+(B 2Σ+) state. Theoretical Av+ values for CO+(A 2Π3/2,1/2, v+=0–41) have also been obtained using a newly developed ab initio computational routine for spin–orbit coupling calculations. The theoretical Av+ predictions computed using this routine are found to be in agreement with the experimental Av+ values for CO+(A 2Π3/2,1/2, v+=0–41). Similar Av+ calculations obtained for O2+(X 2Π3/2,1/2g, v+=0–38) are also in accord with the recent experimental Av+ values reported by Song et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 111, 1905 (1999)]. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: We have obtained rotationally resolved pulsed field ionization photoelectron (PFI-PE) spectra of O2 in the energy range of 20.2–21.3 eV, covering the ionization transitions of O2+(B 2Σg−, v+=0–7, N+)←O2(X 3Σg−, v″=0, N″). Only the ΔN=−2, 0, and +2 (or O, Q, and S) rotational branches are observed in the PFI-PE bands for O2+(B 2Σg−, v+=0–7), indicating that the outgoing electron continuum channels with angular momenta l=1 and 3 dominate in the ionization transitions. This experiment allows the determination of accurate spectroscopic constants, such as ionization energy (20.29825±0.0005 eV) for the formation of O2+[B 2Σg−, v+=0, N+=1 (F2)] from O2(X 3Σg−, v″=0, N″=1), vibrational constants (ωe+=1152.91 cm−1, ωe+χe+=20.97 cm−1_, and rotational constants (Be+=1.255±0.0015 cm−1, αe+=0.0241±0.00037 cm−1_ for O2+(B 2Σg−, v+). The (nominal) effective lifetimes for high-n Rydberg states converging to O2+(B 2Σg−, v+=0–6) are measured to be (approximate)0.2–0.6 μs, which are significantly shorter than those of (approximate)1.9 μs observed for O2+(b 4Σg−, v+=0–5). The shorter (nominal) effective lifetimes for high-n Rydberg states converging to O2+(B 2Σg−, v+=0–6) are attributed to the higher kinetic energy releases (or velocities) of O++O fragments resulting from predissociation of the O2+(B 2Σg−, v+=0–6) ion cores. Rotationally resolved PFI-PE measurements also make possible the identification of the weak vibrational progression with the origin at 20.35 eV as associated with transitions to O2+(2Σu−, v+=0–7). The analysis of the rotationally resolved PFI-PE bands for O2+(2Σu−, v+=0 and 1) has yielded accurate rotational constants and IE values for these states. The rotational structures resolved in the O2+(2Σu−, v+=0 and 1) PFI-PE bands are contributed overwhelmingly by the ΔN=−3, −1, +1, and +3 (or N, P, R, and T) rotational branches, showing that the angular momenta for the outgoing photoelectron are restricted to l=0, 2, and 4. Based on simulation of the observed rotational structures, we also obtain the predissociative lifetimes for O2+(B 2Σg−, v+=0–7) and O2+(2Σu−, v+=0–1) to be in the range of 0.45–2 ps. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: Strong preference is observed for the C–S bond scission process, leading to the formation of CH3++SH (CH3CH2++SH), in the collision induced dissociation (CID) reaction of CH3SH++Ar (CH3CH2SH++Ar). Since the dissociation energy of 81.4 kcal/mol (45.2 kcal/mol) for the CH3〈sup ARRANGE="STAGGER"〉+–SH (CH3CH2+–SH) bond is significantly higher than that of 48 kcal/mol (33.9 kcal/mol) for the H–CH2SH+ [H–CH(CH3)SH+] bond, this observation indicates that the CID process is nonstatistical. The high yield for the C–S bond breakage process is attributed to the more efficient translational to vibrational energy transfer for the C–S stretching mode than for C–H and S–H stretching modes via collisional activation, and to weak couplings between the low frequency C–S and high frequency C–H and S–H stretching vibrational modes of CH3SH+ andCH3CH2SH+. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: The photodissociation of acetophenone (C6H5COCH3) at 193 and 248 nm has been studied using the time-of-flight mass spectrometric technique. For hν=193 nm, two major primary channels, C6H5COCH3+hν→C6H5CO+CH3 [channel (1)] and C6H5+CH3CO [channel (2)], are observed with comparable cross sections. Data analysis shows that (approximate)30%–50% of primary C6H5CO and CH3CO radicals further decomposes, yielding secondary products C6H5+CO and CH3+CO, respectively. The translational energy release measurements indicate that for both channels (1) and (2) at 193 nm, (approximate)25%–30% of the available energy is channeled into kinetic energies of the primary photofragments. Measurements at hν=248 nm reveal that the branching ratio of channel (2) to channel (1) is (approximate)0.01. For channel (1) at hν=248 nm, (approximate)42% of the available energy is directed as the kinetic energy of the photofragments. The observed maximum kinetic energy release for channel (1) at 248 nm yields a value of 85.0±2.2 kcal/mol for the C6H5CO–CH3 bond dissociation energy at 0 K (D0). The photofragment angular distributions are found to be isotropic for both channels (1) and (2) at hν=193 nm and for channel (1) at hν=248 nm. A minor photodissociation channel C6H5COCH3+hν→C6H5CH3+CO is identified at both hν=193 and 248 nm. The energetics for the dissociation reactions of acetophenone have also been investigated using ab initio Gaussian-2-type procedures. The heats of formation at 0 K (ΔfH°0) for C6H5CO and C6H5 calculated using the isodesmic reaction scheme are 33.9±1.3 and 87.6±1.0 kcal/mol, respectively. These results suggest that the literature ΔfH°0 values for C6H5CO and C6H5 are likely to be low by 3–4 kcal/mol. These theoretical ΔfH° values for C6H5CO and C6H5 yield a theoretical D0(C6H5CO–CH3) value of 85.1±1.4 kcal/mol, which is in excellent accord with the experimental results obtained in the present study. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: The photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra for M(CO)n+ (n=0–6) from M(CO)6, M=Cr, Mo, and W, have been measured in the photon energy range of 650–1600 Å. Based on the ionization energies for M(CO)6 and appearance energies (AEs) for M(CO)n+ (n=0–5) determined here, we have obtained estimates for the sequential bond dissociation energies (D0) for CO–M(CO)n−1+ (n=1–6). The comparison between the D0 values for the Cr(CO)6+ system obtained here and in the recent collisional induced dissociation and theoretical studies suggests that D0 values for CO–M(CO)n−1+ (n=3–6) based on this PIE experiment are reliable. The PIE results reveal the general trend for individual D0 values that D0[CO–Cr(CO)n−1+]〈D0[CO–Mo(CO)n−1+]〈D0[CO–W(CO)n−1+] (n=3–6). The comparison of the first D0 values for M(CO)6+ obtained here and those for M(CO)6 reported previously provides strong support for the theoretical analysis that the importance of relativistic effects, which give rise to more efficient M to CO π-back-donation in M(CO)6, is in the order W(CO)6〉Mo(CO)6〉Cr(CO)6. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: High-resolution photoionization efficiency (PIE) and pulsed field ionization photoelectron (PFI-PE) spectra for CS2 have been measured using coherent vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser radiation in the energy range of 81 050–82 100 cm−1. The PIE and threshold photoelectron (TPE) spectra for CS2 in the energy range of 80 850–82 750 cm−1 have also been obtained using synchrotron radiation for comparison with results of the VUV laser study. The analysis of the PIE spectra reveals three Rydberg series converging to the excited CS2+(2Π1/2) spin–orbit state. These series, with quantum defects of 1.430, 1.616, and 0.053, are associated with the [2Π1/2]npσu, [2Π1/2]npπu, and [2Π1/2]nfu configurations, respectively. The Stark shift effect on the ionization threshold of CS2 has been examined as a function of dc electric fields (F) in the range of 0.65–1071 V/cm. The observed F dependence of the Stark shift for the ionization onset of CS2 is consistent with the prediction by the classical adiabatic field ionization formula. The extrapolation of the ionization onset to zero F yields accurate values for IE[CS2+(X˜ 2Π3/2)]. This study shows that in order to determine accurate IEs and to probe autoionizing structures for molecular species by PIE measurements, it is necessary to minimize the electric field used for ion extraction. The assignment of Renner–Teller structures resolved in the VUV PFI-PE spectrum is guided by the recent nonresonant two-photon (N2P) PFI-PE and theoretical studies. The analysis of the PFI-PE spectrum also yields accurate values for IE[CS2+(X˜ 2Π3/2,1/2)]. Taking average of the IE values determined by VUV-PFI-PE, N2P-PFI-PE, and Stark field extrapolation methods, we obtain a value of 81 285.7±2.8 cm−1 for IE[CS2+(X˜ 2Π3/2)]. For IE[CS2+(2Π1/2)], we recommend a value of 81 727.1±0.5 cm−1 determined by the Rydberg series analysis. A theoretical simulation of the 2Π3/2(000) and 2Π1/2(000) VUV-PFI-PE band profiles reproduces the observed branching ratio of 1.9±0.3 for CS2+(X˜ 2Π3/2)/CS2+(2Π1/2). The relative intensities of vibronic structures observed in the VUV PFI-PE and TPE spectra are in agreement. Evidence is found, indicating that the strongly (Stark field induced) autoionizing Rydberg state, 17pσu, which is (approximate)10 cm−1 below the IE of CS2, has a minor contribution to the observed profile for the X˜ 2Π3/2(000) PFI-PE band. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: Absolute total cross sections for the state-selected reactions of O+(4S,2D,2P)+H2 (D2) have been measured in the center-of-mass collision energy (Ec.m.) range of 0.02–12 eV. The cross sections for OH+ (OD+) from O+(2D)+H2 (D2) are slightly higher than those from O+(4S)+H2 (D2), whereas the OH+ (OD+) cross sections from O+ (2P)+H2 (D2) are (approximate)40% lower than those from O+(4S)+H2 (D2) and O+ (2D)+H2 (D2). At Ec.m.〈0.5 eV, the total cross sections for OH+ (OD+) from O+ (4S)+H2 (D2) and O+(2D)+H2 (D2) are in accord with those predicted by the Langevin–Gioumousis–Stevenson model. Significantly higher cross sections are observed for H+ (D+) and H2+ (D2+) from O+(2D)+H2 (D2) and O+(2P)+H2 (D2), as compared to those from O+(4S)+H2 (D2). The exothermic nature of the O+(2D,2P)+H2 (D2) charge transfer collisions accounts for the high cross sections observed for H2+ (D2+). While the H+ (D+) ions observed in the O+(4S)+H2 (D2) reaction are identified with the H+ (D+)+O+H channel, the H+ (D+) ions from the reactions involving O+(2D) and O+(2P) are associated mostly with the H+ (D+)+OH (OD) channel, the formation of which obeys the spin-conservation rule. The comparison of the sum (σT) of cross sections for OH+ (OD+), H2+ (D2+), and H+ (D+) from O+(4S)+H2 (D2) to those from O+(2D)+H2 (D2) and O+(2P)+H2 (D2) shows that the σTs for O+(4S)+H2 (D2), O+(2D)+H2 (D2), and O+(2P)+H2 (D2) at Ec.m.〈0.5 eV are comparable. At Ec.m.〉0.5 eV, the σTs for O+(2P)+H2 (D2) are greater than those for O+(2D)+H2 (D2), which in turn are greater than those for O+(4S)+H2 (D2). This observation is attributed to the increase in the number of accessible product channels for reactions involving the excited O+(2D) and O+(2P) reactant ions. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notizen: We have obtained rotationally resolved pulsed field ionization photoelectron (PFI-PE) spectra for O2 in the energy range of 12.05–18.15 eV, covering ionization transitions O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g, v+=0–38,J+)←O2(X 3Σg−, v+=0,N″). While the PFI-PE bands for O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g, v+=3–5, 9, 11, 12, 22, and 25–38) reported here are the first rotational-resolved photoelectron measurements, the PFI-PE bands for O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g, v+=25–38) represent the first rotationally resolved spectroscopic data for these states. The simulation of spectra obtained at rotational temperatures of (approximate)20 and 220 K allows the unambiguous identification of O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g, v+≥21) PFI-PE bands, the majority of which overlap with prominent PFI-PE bands for O2+(A 2Πu, v+=0–12) and O2+(a 4Πu, v+=0–18). Combined with spectroscopic data obtained in the previous emission study and the present PFI-PE experiment, we have obtained accurate Dunham-type expansion coefficients for ionization energies, vibrational constants, rotational constants, and spin–orbit splitting constants covering the O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g, v+=0–38) states. Significant local intensity enhancements due to near-resonant autoionization were observed in PFI-PE bands for O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g, v+=0–14). The energy region of these states is known to manifest a high density of very strong autoionizing low-n-Rydberg states. The observation of a long PFI-PE vibrational progression with a relatively smooth band intensity profile is also in accord with the direct excitation model for the production of highly vibrationally excited O2+(X 2Π1/2,3/2g) states in the Franck–Condon gap region. Since this experiment was carried out under relatively high rotational temperatures for O2, the PFI-PE data reveal higher rotational transitions and numerous local intensity enhancements, which were not observed in previous vacuum ultraviolet laser studies using a cold O2 molecular beam. The rotational branches found here indicate that photoelectrons are formed predominantly in continuum states with orbital angular momenta l=1,3, and 5. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.