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  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1997  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrogen (N) leaching losses from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable croprotation (oilseed rape, wheat, peas, wheat, barley) were measured from 1990 until 1995 using porous ceramic cups, at 60 cm depth, and drainage estimates. The crops were grown with three husbandry systems and two levels of N fertilizer. The husbandry systems were designed to reflect local practice (Standard), the best possible techniques to reduce N loss (Protective) and an Intermediate system which was a compromise between the two. Nitrogen was applied at full and half recommended rates. Drainage started during September in four years and November in one year, with above average drainage in three years. Losses of N were largest after peas (58 kg/ha) and oilseed rape (42 kg/ha), and least (17 kg/ha) before peas sown in spring after a cover crop. Over five years, the Protective management system, which used early sowing and shallow cultivation wherever possible, lost least N (31 kg/ha/y) and the Standard system, with conventional drilling dates and ploughing as the primary cultivation, lost most (49 kg/ha/y). Halving the N fertilizer decreased N loss by 11 kg/ha/y, averaged over the rotation. None of the treatments gave mean drainage water nitrate concentrations of less than 50 mg/l, averaged over the five years. Changes to arable cropping alone will not eliminate the need for other measures to control nitrate concen-trations in public drinking water supplies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00551.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical spectroscopy investigations of half metallic ferromagnetic Heusler alloy thin films: PtMnSb, NiMnSb, and CuMnSb : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4164-4166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have studied the optical properties of cosputtered XMnSb (X=Cu,Ni,Pt) thin films using light transmission, reflection, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. We observed a feature in the transmission spectra suggestive of a band gap of energy ∼1.5–1.7 eV for PtMnSb, ∼1.1 eV for NiMnSb and ∼0.8 eV for CuMnSb. This behavior is consistent with predictions of the half metallic ferromagnetic state in PtMnSb and NiMnSb. The values for PtMnSb and NiMnSb are larger than the ones previously reported by other authors on bulk polished samples. We interpret this discrepancy as due to surface contamination of the bulk samples or nonstoichiometry in our films. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365167
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictive Chlorine Dosing: A New Paradigm (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Disinfection by chlorine is common practice in potable water treatment. The most frequently used dose control method is to inject an overdose of chlorine at the inlet to the contact tank and adjust to the desired residual chlorine level in the effluent stream. However, this method of control may not be optimal. The advent of reliable predictions of retention time distributions and the widespread use of programmable logic controllers, coupled with a greater understanding of chlorine disinfection kinetics, offers the potential for more efficient chlorine dosing algorithms. This paper describes one possible algorithm, based on theoretical models, for predictive chlorine dosing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb01374.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy of phenol: The structure and assignment of the B˜-state of the cation (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 6785-6794 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The newly developed technique of photoinduced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to study the B˜←X˜ transition in the phenol and phenol-d6 cations. Vibrationally resolved spectra have been obtained for the B˜ state in phenol ion via the origin and the ν6, and ν12 vibrations of the ground ionic state. Similarly, vibrationally resolved spectra for the B˜ state in phenol-d6 ion have been obtained via the origin and ν6 vibration. Calculations to date have suggested the character of the half-filled orbital is π type, and experimental evidence for the B˜-state assignment so far has been inconclusive. In contrast to previous featureless photoelectron spectra, the main feature in all of the spectra presented here is the presence of several long, low frequency Frank–Condon progressions, suggestive of a large geometry change in the transition. Configuration interaction singles 6-31G* calculations, allowing full geometry optimization, show that the first excited σ state has the OH group rotated 90° from the planar ground state. Therefore, the symmetry for the B˜ state in phenol cation is assigned to be 2pσ instead of π, corresponding to that of benzene and several other monosubstituted benzenes. Further support for this assignment is found in a calculation of the normal mode vibrations, based on the geometry optimized for the excited σ state. These show three low frequency normal modes having a large amount of OH torsion, one of which has a ring motion identical to one of the two normal modes that induces the B˜←X˜ transition in the benzene cation. This calculated normal mode is, therefore, assigned to the most intense and most extensive progression observed in the photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectra. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473677
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of possible giant magnetoresistance limiting mechanisms in epitaxial PtMnSb thin films : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4026-4028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To investigate the possibility of using the half-metallic ferromagnet PtMnSb in giant magnetoresistance (GMR) applications, we have examined the surface roughness, structural uniformity, mean-free path, and lattice disorder of sputtered epitaxial PtMnSb(111) films on Al2O3(0001) in the range 85 Å≤t≤1100 Å. Atomic force microscopy revealed the films to be very flat, with an rms roughness of (approximate)3 Å for thicknesses below 100 Å. X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometry indicated that the entire volume of the single-phase films were ferromagnetic (Ms(approximate)500 emu/cm3), with no evidence for a nonstoichiometric or oxidized surface layer. Hall-effect measurements and fits to resistivity versus thickness data by surface scattering models yielded mean-free-path values of 18.4 and 80–100 Å, respectively. Atomic site disorder was estimated at (approximate)10% from structure factor analysis of integrated x-ray peak intensities. These results suggest that bulk properties will play the largest role in determining the effectiveness of PtMnSb in GMR applications. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364925
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual Control of Hand-reaching Movement: Activity in Parietal Area 7m (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The activity of single neurons was studied in parietal area 7m while monkeys performed an instructed-delay reaching task to visual targets under normal light conditions and in darkness. The task was aimed at assessing the influence of vision of hand position on the neural activity of 7m related either to static posture and movement of the hand or to eye position in the orbit. The results show the existence of preparatory, movement-related and postural activity for the control of reaching, all of which are strongly modulated by vision. The activity of many 7m neurons, otherwise insensitive to pure visual stimuli, seems to reflect complex interactions between gaze angle and hand position in the visual field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01460.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine production by cells adherent to regenerative membranes (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 32 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Since cytokines play a critical role in tissue regeneration, we have assayed cytokine production by cells from tissue adherent to regenerative membranes. Cells were recovered from Gore-tex® membranes used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures to regenerate the attachment apparatus around teeth and from Gore-tex augmentation membranes (GTAM™) used for guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures in edentulous ridge augmentation with or without implant placement. Cells were screened for mineralized nodule formation in vitro prior to mRNA analysis to demonstrate that they could form mineralized tissue. Production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) was evaluated by reverse transcribed-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of mRNA from rescued regenerative cells, human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Both the gingival fibroblast and PDL cell isolates produced all 4 cytokines. However, the cell isolates from the regenerative membranes had various profiles of cytokine expression. Most GTR cell isolates were positive for all 4 cytokines. IL-1β was produced by all 6 GTR cell isolates but was not detected at the same number of cycles of RT-PCR amplification in any of the 6 GBR cell isolates. IL-1β transcripts were also not observed in cells derived from a direct biopsy of GBR tissue. Cells recovered from unexposed GBR membranes did not produce detectable amounts of IFN-γ, whereas cells recovered from exposed GBR and all GTR membranes produced IFN-γ. These findings indicate that cells from regenerative tissue express different cytokines and that exposure of the tissue to the oral cavity during healing may modulate this expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00527.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating the merits of option-3 methods in relative attachment level measurement in a healthy population (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of periodontal research 32 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0765
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Attachment loss is the principal clinical indicator for periodontal disease progression. However, the attachment measurement can be inaccurate due to outliers. A remedial scheme, the option-3 scheme, has been suggested in the literature. This scheme involves first measuring the relative attachment twice at any given site. A third measurement is required if there is a large disagreement between the first two probings. When the third measurement is taken, there are several possible ways to make the final assessment of the true attachment level. Among them are the average of the 3 measurements, the average of the closest 2, and the median of the 3. This report evaluates the merits of the option-3 scheme by comparing it with other schemes to reduce measurement variance and outliers. Since true attachment levels are unknown, we chose to check accuracy through measurement consistency between visits in healthy subjects using the fact that such subjects should have little real change in attachment levels. 12 healthy subjects participated in the study. They visited the clinic 4 times in 4 months. Two types of the Florida stent probe were used by 2 calibrated examiners. It was found that option-3 schemes were more accurate than a single probing or duplicate probings in estimating the relative attachment level. The 3 final assessment schemes performed almost equally well from a practical standpoint, but the median was the best among them in a statistical sense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00532.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of fluorescent in situ hybridization for detection of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 8 (1997), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: anaplastic large-cell lymphoma ; fluorescent in situ hybridization ; Hodgkin's disease ; Ki-1 lymphoma ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a recently recognized, distinctive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by anaplastic large-cell cytology and expression of a member of the TNF-receptor family CD30. A characteristic chromosomal translocation has been identified in ALCL of T- or null-cell lineage which juxtaposes a novel tyrosine kinase (anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK) located at 2p23 with the nucleophosmin gene (NPM) at 5q35. A chimeric mRNA transcript is produced, and the translocation results in constitutive expression of a truncated form of the ALK protein, p80. There is controversy concerning whether or not the translocation occurs in Hodgkin's disease. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the t(2;5)(p23;q35), and to compare the results with conventional cytogenetics, reverse-transcriptase PCR and immunostaining for the p80protein. Patients and methods: Twenty-five cases of malignant lymphoma (11 ALCL and 14 HD) were studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm the diagnosis and for analysis of p80 expression. Conventional cytogenetics were analyzed on G-banded metaphase spreads. FISH was performed using whole chromosome paints for chromosomes 2 and 5 on metaphase spreads and YAC probes for inter phase nuclei. Reverse-transcriptase PCR using primers for ALK and NPM was used to amplify the translocation breakpoint in extracted mRNA. Results: Among 11 cases of ALCL examined by FISH, the translocation was detected in 4. Two of these cases also had RT-PCR and p80 staining performed, with positive results. Among 7 cases where the t(2;5) was not detected by FISH, 3 cases were examined by RT-PCR with negative results and4 cases by p80 staining, also negative. The RT-PCR was negative in all 14cases of Hodgkin's disease, 4 of which were also examined by FISH and found to be negative. Conclusion: Fluorescent in situ hybridization is useful method for detection of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. The results concur with those of RT-PCR for the chimeric transcript and immunostaining for the p80 protein. The frequency with which the translocation was found was 36% in this small series, and no evidence of the translocation was found in cases of Hodgkin's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008234301024
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of fluorescent in situ hybridization for detection of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 8 (1997), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: anaplastic large-cell lymphoma ; fluorescent in situ hybridization ; Hodgkin's disease ; Ki-1 lymphoma ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a recentlyrecognized, distinctive type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized byanaplastic large-cell cytology and expression of a member of theTNF-receptor family CD30. A characteristic chromosomal translocation hasbeen identified in ALCL of T- or null-cell lineage which juxtaposes a noveltyrosine kinase (anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK) located at 2p23 with thenucleophosmin gene (NPM) at 5q35. A chimeric mRNA transcript is produced,and the translocation results in constitutive expression of a truncated formof the ALK protein, p80. There is controversy concerning whether or not thetranslocation occurs in Hodgkin's disease. The aim of this study was todevelop a methodology for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to detectthe t(2;5)(p23;q35), and to compare the results with conventionalcytogenetics, reverse-transcriptase PCR and immunostaining for the p80protein. Patients and methods: Twenty-five cases of malignant lymphoma (11 ALCLand 14 HD) were studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm thediagnosis and for analysis of p80 expression. Conventional cytogenetics wereanalyzed on G-banded metaphase spreads. FISH was performed using wholechromosome paints for chromosomes 2 and 5 on metaphase spreads and YACprobes for interphase nuclei. Reverse-transcriptase PCR using primers forALK and NPM was used to amplify the translocation breakpoint in extractedmRNA. Results: Among 11 cases of ALCL examined by FISH, the translocation wasdetected in 4. Two of these cases also had RT-PCR and p80 stainingperformed, with positive results. Among 7 cases where the t(2;5) was notdetected by FISH, 3 cases were examined by RT-PCR with negative results and4 cases by p80 staining, also negative. The RT-PCR was negative in all 14cases of Hodgkin's disease, 4 of which were also examined by FISH and foundto be negative. Conclusion: Fluorescent in situ hybridization is useful methodfor detection of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Theresults concur with those of RT-PCR for the chimeric transcript andimmunostaining for the p80 protein. The frequency with which the translocationwas found was 36% in this small series, and no evidence of thetranslocation was found in cases of Hodgkin's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008234301024
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