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  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
  • 1870-1879
  • 1998  (11)
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  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
  • 1870-1879
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 4476-4483 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Al:Mg alloy wire arrays of mass loads 1.3–3.6 mg/cm have been imploded with peak currents of 19 MA on the 60 TW Z generator [R. B. Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)] at Sandia National Laboratories. The large mass loads have resulted in the highest K-shell x-ray line optical depths (∼103) produced to date in Z-pinches. Analysis of the time-resolved spectrum of a 2.1 mg/cm shot near the time of peak compression has yielded a temperature–density profile of the pinch that approximately reproduces all features of the x-ray data except the continuum above 5 keV, which is underpredicted. The Ly α/He α ratio for Al is shown to be enhanced relative to that of Mg by two mechanisms: photopumped ladder ionization and absorption of the Al He-like line in a cool outer halo. This analysis and comparisons to some Ti shots demonstrates that the K-shell yield of Al is significantly reduced by line and continuum self-absorption, but that of Ti is not. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 58-60 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Imaging of the surface of a cleaved Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (BSCCO) single crystal with a scanning tunneling microscope reveals a series of repeating terraces, whose separations are then used to identify the atomic planes which are exposed. On each of the exposed planes, the incommensurate modulation is also clearly resolved with atomic resolution. The measured separations between the terraces lead to the deduction that any atomic layer can be exposed by mechanical cleavage of BSCCO. We, therefore, suggest that the identity of atomic planes, and the direction of tunneling, should always be taken into consideration when interpreting tunneling spectra obtained on such cleaved BSCCO crystals. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 1655-1669 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A methane erosion yield model has been developed using the principal atomistic reactions outlined by Küppers and co-workers [eg., A. Horn, A. Schenk, J. Biener, B. Winter, C. Lutterloh, M. Wittmann, and J. Küppers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 231, 193 (1994)] with additional terms to account for the energy of the incident particles, namely, kinetic ejection and damage deposition. Furthermore, modifications were made to the previous models by using distributed activation energies for methyl and hydrogen release as well as an activated Eley-Rideal abstraction process. Fitting of this model to experimentally measured methane yield data shows excellent agreement, except for low energy (≤25 eV) impact at temperatures above ∼800 K. We have provided a sound physical basis for the behavior of the free fitting parameters and conclude that most of the processes associated with low-energy impact on pyrolytic graphite leading to methane production have been incorporated. Possible extensions of the model to include heavy hydrocarbons and total chemical erosion yields are also discussed. Due to the lack of comprehensive experimental data on the flux dependence of hydrocarbon erosion, the flux dependence of the fitting parameters could not be explored and so the effect of flux density requires further modeling considerations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 2992-2994 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the study of atomically sharp superconducting tips for scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. The results clearly show vacuum tunneling of superconducting quasiparticles from atomically sharp tips. Observed deviations of the energy gap of the superconducting tip from its bulk value are attributed to the proximity effect. We show that a combination of a superconducting tip and an atomic resolution scanning tunneling microscope provides a means of achieving very high resolution local spectroscopy. We also discuss how this combination paves the way for a number of important applications. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1545-5300
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: The present study assessed fidelity to the behavioral family management (BFM) model for treating bipolar disorder patients and their families. The BFM Therapist Competency/Adherence Scale (BFM-TCAS) was developed to evaluate clinicians' competency and adherence to BFM, as outlined by Miklowitz' (1989) BFM Manual for use with bipolar patients. Therapist competency and treatment adherence was also evaluated with regard to two family characteristics: overall level of family difficulty and family expressed emotion (EE) status. The BFM-TCAS was used to code 78 videotaped sessions of 26 families with a bipolar member, selected from a larger treatment study of bipolar disorder patients. The findings suggest that, overall, clinicians adhered closely to the BFM manual. Specific areas in which there was high competency and treatment adherence were (a) skill in conveying factual information about bipolar illness, (b) establishment of a therapeutic environment, and (c) ability to take command of therapy sessions. The one area in which there was less compotency and relatively weak adherence to the manual was the use of between-session homework assignments to assist families in mastering the BFM exercises. Results of this study also suggest that, for the most part, therapist competency and adherence ratings were not related to overall level of difficulty or to family EE status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's assessment of potential health risks associated with the possible widespread use of a manganese (Mn)-based fuel additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). This assessment was significant in several respects and may be instructive in identifying certain methodological issues of general relevance to risk assessment. A major feature of the inhalation health risk assessment was the derivation of Mn inhalation reference concentration (RfC) estimates using various statistical approaches, including benchmark dose and Bayesian analyses. The exposure assessment component used data from the Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) study and other sources to estimate personal exposure levels of particulate Mn attributable to the permitted use of MMT in leaded gasoline in Riverside, CA, at the time of the PTEAM study; on this basis it was then possible to predict a distribution of possible future exposure levels associated with the use of MMT in all unleaded gasoline. Qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the risk characterization are summarized, along with inherent uncertainties due to data limitations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 4815-4821 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental–analytical method for the nondestructive structural and chemical composition mapping of single-crystal alloys is proposed, implemented, and successfully tested. The technique is based on analytical measurements of phase and amplitude changes in a narrow polychromatic region near the absorption edge of the alloy impurity. Synchrotron radiation energies of 11.096–11.105 keV were used to measure the Bragg diffraction profiles near the absorption edge of germanium at 11.103 keV in SiGe/Si crystal alloy superstructures. Physical dimensions and chemical composition of SiGe alloys were determined with a spatial resolution 8.6 Å. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 40 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Vertical distributions of invertebrates (〉 53 μm) were compared between two logged and two undisturbed headwater streams in south-western Australia. The abundance and composition of invertebrates from core samples (4 cm diameter, 30 cm depth) were determined at intervals of 0–1 cm, 1–5 cm, 5–15 cm and 15–30 cm.2. In addition to examining the effects of clearfell logging, this study provides the first description of the interstitial communities of Australian sandy streams. The interstitial fauna of the undisturbed streams were concentrated in the upper 5 cm of the bed and were numerically dominated by nematodes, a characteristic more typical of marine and lentic habitats than lotic systems.3. The invertebrate community structure was substantially altered in the logged streams, with fewer taxa collected than in undisturbed streams. Invertebrate densities in the logged and undisturbed streams did not differ in the upper 5 cm of the bed, but, below this, densities were significantly lower in the logged streams. Increased sedimentation did not appear to be responsible for the differences in community structure between logged and undisturbed streams.4. The impact of clearfell logging to the extent shown here has not previously been demonstrated in south-western Australia. As a consequence it is strongly recommended that sampling of the benthic meiofauna is included in future biomonitoring protocols for the sandy streams of this region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 396 (1998), S. 554-557 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Waves on the surface of a fluid provide a powerful tool for studying the fluid itself and the surrounding physical environment. For example, the wave speed is determined by the force per unit mass at the surface, and by the depth of the fluid: the decreasing speed of ocean waves as they ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 392 (1998), S. 687-690 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Under certain circumstances,, a superconducting Josephson junction can maintain a quantum phase difference of π between the two samples that are weakly connected to form the junction. Such systems are called ‘π-junctions’ and have formed the basis of several experiments ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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