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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of effective dipole and monopole moments of magnetic force microscopy tips (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 3410-3417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present experimental results on the characterization of commercially available magnetic force microscopy (MFM) thin film tips as a function of an external magnetic field. Well defined magnetic stray fields are produced using current carrying rings with radii ranging between 603 and 2369 nm fabricated by electron-beam lithography directly imaged by MFM. Treating the MFM tip as a point probe, the analysis of the image contrast as a function of both the magnetic stray field and the lift height allows for a quantitative determination of effective magnetic dipole and monopole moments of the tip as well as their imaginary location within the real physical tip. Our systematic study gives a quantitative relationship on how absolute values of the magnetic dipole and monopole moments and their location within the tip depend on a characteristic decay length of the z component of the magnetic field being detected. From this we can estimate the effective tip volume of the real physical thin film tip relevant in MFM imaging. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ease of wound closure as an endpoint of treatment efficacy (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Wound repair and regeneration 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1524-475X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: New treatments for chronic wounds require carefully performed clinical trials with significant endpoints. Total wound closure is the only endpoint currently accepted by the Food and Drug Administration. This study describes a scale that measures ease of wound closure and applies it to a four-arm prospectively randomized, blinded pressure ulcer trial of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Following validation of interrater reliability, 83 evaluable subjects' photographs were given a weekly ease of closure score by four raters blinded to treatment. The change of ease of closure score was correlated with the change of wound area and volume. Each ease of closure score was given a procedural cost. Results showed ease of closure did not directly correlate with either wound area or volume, suggesting that it was measuring additional information. The mean change in ease of closure score was 6 for subjects treated with 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB daily; 5 for those treated with 300 μg growth factor daily or 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB bid; and 4 for those treated with placebo. The cost savings ranged from $7200 for the group receiving 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB daily to $6300 for the controls. Outcomes in all 4 groups were significantly improved from their starting evaluation (p 〈 0.001). Based on this study, ease of closure is a verifiable endpoint that can be related to cost efficiency and may be a measure of efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1999.00090.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of atomic order on [110] phonon softening [4] and displacive phase transition in Invar alloys (1999)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 10 (1999), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion - 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions - 65.40.+g Heat capacities of solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The acoustic phonon dispersions of two Invar crystals , one ordered with the ( ) structure, the other disordered fcc, have been investigated between 3.4 K and 470 K by inelastic and elastic neutron scattering. For the ordered crystal, pronounced softening of the whole phonon branch is observed on cooling below the Curie temperature. Particularly strong phonon softening at the M-point zone boundary of the structure leads to a displacive, antiferrodistortive phase transition at low temperatures. For the disordered crystal, much weaker softening of the phonons is observed and restricted to the region near the Brillouin zone center, where increasing elastic scattering with decreasing temperature indicates the growth of local tetragonal strain. This strain is considered as a typical precursor of the transformation to bct martensite. Specific heat measurements, performed at low temperatures on both crystals confirm the neutron scattering results and reveal considerable enhancement of the low energy phonon density of states in the ordered crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050896
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource Bounded Belief Revision (1999)
    Springer
    Erkenntnis 50 (1999), S. 429-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8420
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The AGM paradigm for belief revision provides a very elegant and powerful framework for reasoning about idealized agents. The paradigm assumes that the modeled agent is a perfect reasoner with infinite memory. In this paper we propose a framework to reason about non-ideal agents that generalizes the AGM paradigm. We first introduce a structure to represent an agent's belief states that distinguishes different status of beliefs according to whether or not they are explicitly represented, whether they are currently active and whether they are fully accepted or provisional. Then we define a set of basic operations that change the status of beliefs and show how these operations can be used to model agents with different capacities. We also show how different operations of belief change described in the literature can be seen as special cases of our theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005565603303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exact groups and continuous bundles of C*-algebras (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 315 (1999), S. 169-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification (1991):46L55, 46L06, 22D25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002080050364
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Funktionsdiagnostik zentraler Atemwegsstenosen (1999)
    Springer
    HNO 47 (1999), S. 947-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Stenosen der oberen Atemwege ; Lokaler Widerstand ; Körperliche Belastung ; Key words Upper airway stenoses ; Local resistance ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In benign laryngotracheal stenosis the amount of respiratory deterioration rather than the crude morphologic appearance will determine whether or not surgical measures such as dilatation or resection should be applied. This review focusses on currently available and newly developed diagnostic tools to assess the functional importance of central airway obstruction. After an outline of upper airway physiology is formulated, spirometric measurements at rest are collected. Among these, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEF) proved to be the simplest and most reliable parameter to monitor an obstructing lesion of the upper airways. A novel technique for fibrobronchoscopic assessment of glottic and tracheal resistance is presented in detail. In contrast to usual tests of total airflow resistance which cannot distinguish between central and peripheral contributions, this test identifies the pressure-flow-relationship created exclusively by the local lesion. In serial stenoses, it indicates which is of higher clinical impact. Patients with upper airway obstruction complain of impaired exercise capacity. They tend to hypoventilate with imminent respiratory muscle fatigue. Therefore, spiroergometry may play a role in defining the point of incomplete compensation of a central load. The decision to operate will depend upon up the degree of physical capacity required to compensate for the stenosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der benignen laryngotrachealen Stenose entscheidet der Grad der Atembehinderung und nicht die Morphologie und Geometrie der Läsion über das bevorzugte operative oder konservative Procedere. Dieser Überblick beschäftigt sich mit konventionellen und neuentwickelten diagnostischen Möglichkeiten zur Sicherung der funktionellen Relevanz zentraler Atemwegshindernisse. Die Physiologie der oberen Atemwege wird skizziert. Die Parameter der spirometrischen Messungen werden noch einmal kurz abgehandelt. Unter diesen ist der exspiratorische Spitzenfluß (PEF) immer noch der am einfachsten zu erhebende und zuverlässigste Wert, um eine obstruierende Veränderung der oberen Atemwege zu kontrollieren. Eine neu entwickelte fiberbronchoskopische Technik zur lokalen Messung der durch Glottis- oder Trachealstenosen verursachten Widerstandserhöhung wird vorgestellt. Sie unterscheidet sich von üblichen Verfahren zur Erfassung des totalen Atemwegswiderstands darin, daß sie die zentralen Anteile der Druck-Fluß-Beziehung isoliert. Serielle Stenosen können einzeln ausgemessen und so in ihrer funktionellen Bedeutung gewichtet werden. Patienten mit einer Einengung der oberen Atemwege klagen unabhängig vom morphologischen Ausmaß der Stenose über eine mehr oder weniger eingeschränkte Belastbarkeit. Sie neigen unter körperlicher Anstrengung zur Hypoventilation. Dieser Punkt des unvollständig kompensierten zentralen Widerstands kann mithilfe der Spiroergometrie bestimmt werden. Er signalisiert möglicherweise die bevorstehende Ermüdung der Atemmuskulatur. In Zukunft wird die Operationsentscheidung auch an die Frage gebunden werden müssen, ob und bis zu welcher körperlichen Belastung ein Patient die zentrale Stenose respiratorisch kompensiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001060050474
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of chlorophenols in urine of children and suggestion of reference values (1999)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 365 (1999), S. 458-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During the course of a human biomonitoring project (Biebesheim in Hessen, Germany) we elaborated a simple but sensitive method for the determination of tri- (TCP), tetra- (TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human urine. Urine samples, spiked with internal standards, were treated by acid hydrolysis. After a steam bath distillation the distillates were extracted using solid phase extraction. Derivatization of the chlorophenols was not carried out. GC/ECD system was used for detection. Detection limits of the chlorophenols were found in the range of 0.02 μg/L urine (detection limits of the ECD: 0.52 to 2.76 μg/L). By this method mono- and dichlorophenols cannot be detected. We investigated 24h-urine samples of 339 pupils (age 10 to 12 years). The children live either in the surroundings of a hazardous waste incinerator (SVA) in Biebesheim (n = 193), or controls (i.e. regions without waste incinerator) in the non polluted areas of Odenwald (n = 90) and Rheintal (n = 56). Between these three groups we did not find statistically significant differences in chlorophenol concentrations of the urine samples. The 95-percentiles of the analyzed samples are 0.74 μg/L (2,3,4-TCP), 1.24 μg/L (2,3,5-TCP), 0.70 μg/L (2,3,6–TCP), 1.10 μg/L (2,4,5–TCP), 1.74 μg/L (2,4,6–TCP), 2.84 μg/L (3,4,5–TCP), 4.78 μg/L (2,3,4,5-TeCP), 1.86 μg/L (2,3,4,6-TeCP), 2.90 μg/L (2,3,5,6-TeCP) and 4.39 μg/L (PCP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051640
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complete suppression of voluntary motor drive during the silent period after transcranial magnetic stimulation (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 447-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Transcranial magnetic stimulation ; Silent period ; Voluntary motor drive ; Motor threshold ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To evaluate changes in the motor system during the silent period (SP) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, we investigated motor thresholds as parameters of the excitability of the cortico-muscular pathway after a suprathreshold conditioning stimulus in the abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADM) of normal humans. Since the unconditioned motor threshold was lower during voluntary tonic contraction than at rest (31.9±5.4% vs. 45.6±7.5%), it is suggested that the difference between active and resting motor threshold indicates the magnitude of the voluntary drive on the cortico-muscular pathway. Therefore, we compared conditioned resting and active motor threshold (cRMT and cAMT) during the SP. cRMT showed an intensity-dependent period of elevation of more than 200 ms in duration and approximately 17% of the maximum stimulator output above the unconditioned threshold, due to decreased excitability of the cortico-muscular pathway after the conditioning stimulus. Some 30–40 ms after the conditioning stimulus, cAMT approximated cRMT, indicating complete suppression of the voluntary motor drive. This suppression did not start directly after the conditioning stimulus since cAMT was still significantly lower than the cRMT within the first 30–40 ms. Threshold elevation was significantly longer than the SP (220±41 vs. 151±28 ms). Recovery of the voluntary motor drive started late in the SP and was nearly complete at the end of the SP, although thresholds were still significantly elevated. We conclude that the SP is largely due to a suppression of voluntary motor drive, while the threshold elevation is a different inhibitory phenomenon that is of less importance for the generation of the SP, at least in its late part. It is argued that the pathway of fast cortico-spinal fibers activated by TMS is partially different from the pathway involved in the maintenance of tonic voluntary muscle activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050640
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    phonon dispersion and martensitic phase transition in ordered alloys (1999)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 11 (1999), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion - 81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations - 61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: In a previous neutron scattering study, we had observed that the TA phonon softening in L12-ordered ferromagnetic Fe72Pt28 Invar is pronounced at the zone boundary M-point and leads to an antiferrodistortive phase transition at low temperatures. Here, we report on similar neutron scattering investigations on two ordered crystals with higher Fe content to investigate the relation between the TA phonon softening and the martensitic transformation, which occurs in Fe-rich ordered Fe-Pt. We find that the TA phonon softening, especially at the M-point zone boundary, does not depend on the composition of the investigated crystals. In Fe74.5Pt25.5, however, the antiferrodistortive phase transition temperature is enhanced due to tetragonal strain preceding the martensitic transition. In Fe77Pt23 a precursor driven premartensitic phase transition is not observed. The structure of the martensite is, however, influenced by the soft mode lattice instability of the austenite. This would explain the origin of structural details found previously for Fe3Pt thermoelastic martensite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050918
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Steiner 5-Design on 36 Points (1999)
    Springer
    Designs, codes and cryptography 17 (1999), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7586
    Keywords: t-design ; Steiner system ; Kramer-Mesner method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Up to now, all known Steiner 5-designs are on q + 1 points where q ≡ 3 (mod 4) is a prime power and the design is admitting PSL(2, q) as a group of automorphisms. In this article we present a 5-(36,6,1) design admitting PGL(2, 17) × C 2 as a group of automorphisms. The design is unique with this automorphism group and even for the commutator group PSL(2, 17) × Id 2 of this automorphism group there exists no further design with these parameters. We present the incidence matrix of t-orbits and block orbits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026427226213
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