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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How does transcranial DC stimulation of the primary motor cortex alter regional neuronal activity in the human brain? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 22 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor hand area (M1) can produce lasting polarity-specific effects on corticospinal excitability and motor learning in humans. In 16 healthy volunteers, 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:0953816X:EJN4233:EJN_4233_mu1" location="equation/EJN_4233_mu1.gif"/〉O positron emission tomography (PET) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest and during finger movements was used to map lasting changes in regional synaptic activity following 10 min of tDCS (± 1 mA). Bipolar tDCS was given through electrodes placed over the left M1 and right frontopolar cortex. Eight subjects received anodal or cathodal tDCS of the left M1, respectively. When compared to sham tDCS, anodal and cathodal tDCS induced widespread increases and decreases in rCBF in cortical and subcortical areas. These changes in rCBF were of the same magnitude as task-related rCBF changes during finger movements and remained stable throughout the 50-min period of PET scanning. Relative increases in rCBF after real tDCS compared to sham tDCS were found in the left M1, right frontal pole, right primary sensorimotor cortex and posterior brain regions irrespective of polarity. With the exception of some posterior and ventral areas, anodal tDCS increased rCBF in many cortical and subcortical regions compared to cathodal tDCS. Only the left dorsal premotor cortex demonstrated an increase in movement related activity after cathodal tDCS, however, modest compared with the relatively strong movement-independent effects of tDCS. Otherwise, movement related activity was unaffected by tDCS. Our results indicate that tDCS is an effective means of provoking sustained and widespread changes in regional neuronal activity. The extensive spatial and temporal effects of tDCS need to be taken into account when tDCS is used to modify brain function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extensive exercise is not harmful in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Whether physical activity increases risk or promotes progression of motor neurone degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still debated. Current pathophysiological hypotheses include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and increased calcium loads as causes of selective degeneration of vulnerable motor neurones. Vigorous exercise might amplify these factors by increasing firing rates at motor neurones. To test this hypothesis, we constrained a transgenic mouse model of ALS overexpressing the mutant human form of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) to a lifetime exercise on motor-driven running wheels for 10 h daily (active group, n = 12). Onset and progression of disease were assessed by grip strength, stride length and tight rope test. Data were compared with SOD-1 mice placed in running wheels set to slow speed (sedentary group, n = 13). Untreated SOD-1 mice were an additional control group (n = 12). We found no differences in disease onset, which was determined by a change-point analysis using an iterative fitting of segmented linear regression models, or in disease progression. However, the running group showed a non-significant 6-day improvement in survival (133.7 ± 3.2 days) compared with the sedentary group (127.2 ± 3.2 days) and a 4-day improvement compared with the control group (129.1 ± 2.5 days). We demonstrate that a lifetime of vigorous exercise does not promote onset or progression of motor degeneration in SOD-1-mediated ALS. Moreover, the results suggest that the level of excitatory input and calcium turnover at motor neurones, both of which should be increased by running activity, do not interfere with the pathophysiology of SOD-1-mediated ALS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03769.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Weak transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS) of the human motor cortex results in excitability shifts during and after the end of stimulation, which are most probably localized intracortically. Anodal stimulation enhances excitability, whereas cathodal stimulation reduces it. Although the after-effects of tDCS are NMDA receptor-dependent, nothing is known about the involvement of additional receptors. Here we show that pharmacological strengthening of GABAergic inhibition modulates selectively the after-effects elicited by anodal tDCS. Administration of the GABAA receptor agonist lorazepam resulted in a delayed, but then enhanced and prolonged anodal tDCS-induced excitability elevation. The initial absence of an excitability enhancement under lorazepam is most probably caused by a loss of the anodal tDCS-generated intracortical diminution of inhibition and enhancement of facilitation, which occurs without pharmacological intervention. The reasons for the late-occurring excitability enhancement remain unclear. Because intracortical inhibition and facilitation are not changed in this phase compared with pre-tDCS values, excitability changes originating from remote cortical or subcortical areas could be involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03398.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitation of visuo-motor learning by transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor and extrastriate visual areas in humans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Performance of visuo-motor tasks requires the transfer of visual data to motor performance and depends highly on visual perception and cognitive processing, mainly during the learning phase. The primary aim of this study was to determine if the human middle temporal (MT)+/V5, an extrastriate visual area that is known to mediate motion processing, and the primary motor cortex are involved in learning of visuo-motor coordination tasks. To pursue this, we increased or decreased MT+/V5, primary contralateral motor (M1) and primary visual cortex excitability by 10 min of anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy human subjects during the learning phase of a visually guided tracking task. The percentage of correct tracking movements increased significantly in the early learning phase during anodal stimulation, but only when the left V5 or M1 was stimulated. Cathodal stimulation had no significant effect. Also, stimulation of the primary visual cortex was not effective for this kind of task. Our data suggest that the areas V5 and M1 are involved in the early phase of learning of visuo-motor coordination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03367.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcranial direct current stimulation disrupts tactile perception (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The excitability of the cerebral cortex can be modulated by various transcranial stimulation techniques. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) offers the advantage of portable equipment and could, therefore, be used for ambulatory modulation of brain excitability. However, modulation of cortical excitability by tDCS has so far mostly been shown by indirect measures. Therefore, we examined whether tDCS has a direct behavioral/perceptional effect. We compared tactile discrimination of vibratory stimuli to the left ring finger prior to, during and after tDCS applied for 7 min at 1-mA current intensity in 13 subjects. Stimulation was pseudorandomized into cathodal, anodal and sham conditions in a within-subject design. The active electrode was placed over the corresponding somatosensory cortex at C4 according to the 10–20 EEG system and the reference electrode at the forehead above the contralateral orbita. Cathodal stimulation compared with sham induced a prolonged decrease of tactile discrimination, while anodal and sham stimulation did not. Thus, cortical processing can be modulated in a behaviorally/perceptually meaningful way by weak transcranial current stimulation applied through portable technology. This finding offers a new perspective for the treatment of conditions characterized by alterations of cortical excitability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03450.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 39 (2007), S. 1000-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent neurological disorder characterized by an imperative urge to move the legs during night, unpleasant sensation in the lower limbs, disturbed sleep and increased cardiovascular morbidity. In a genome-wide association study we found highly significant ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng2099
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Ausscheidung des Alkohols im Schlaf (1941)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 35 (1941), S. 28-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand einer Reihe von Untersuchungen wurde nachgewiesen, daß es im Schlaf zu einer Verzögerung der Alkoholausscheidung kommen kann, die recht beträchtliche Grade anzunehmen vermag. Ob der Schlaf allein für diese Vorgänge verantwortlich ist, oder ob Überlagerungen durch Alkoholwirkung dabei eine Rolle spielen, läßt sich auf Grund des Ausfalls der Untersuchungen nicht eindeutig entscheiden. Beides kann für möglich gehalten weiden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01787302
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Frage, ob Jodtinktur von zahlreichen Wundflächen aus einen Einfluß auf den Alkoholspiegel des Blutes ausüben kann (1950)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 40 (1950), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die nichtalkoholischen Bestandteile der Jodtinktur, nämlich Jod und Jodkalium, bringen bei Einwaagen, die sich in Größenordnungen bewegen, wie sie einer üblichen Wundversorgung mit Jodtinktur entsprechen, keine wesentliche Abweichung vom Blindwert, also keine Vortäuschung von Alkohol. 2. Von Bedeutung ist nur der Alkoholgehalt der Jodtinktur. Der Alkohol wird von der Wundfläche aus sehr schnell resorbiert. Schon 5 min nach der Jodierung waren in einem Fall 0,6‰ in der Blutprobe festzustellen. Die Ausscheidung erfolgt ebenfalls rasch: In einigen Fällen waren die Alkoholwerte 30–40 min nach der Jodierung abgesunken. In einem Fall wurde nach 90 min ein Gehalt von 0,14‰ festgestellt. 3. Der im Tierversuch gesetzte Umfang der Verletzungen dürfte wohl selten in der Praxis vorkommen, wenn man den Umfang der Verletzung auf die Gesamtgröße der Meerschweinchen bezieht. 4. In vorkommenden Fällen muß die Zeit, die zwischen Jodierung und Blutentnahme verstrichen ist, ermittelt werden. Bei tatsächlich erfolgter Jodierung größeren Umfanges kann in gegebenen Fällen ein Abzug, der sich im Rahmen der obigen Ergebnisse bewegt, vertreten werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706029
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Beeinflussung der Blutalkoholwerte nach Widmark durch Einatmung von Benzoldämpfen (1940)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 33 (1940), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die mit derWidmarkschen Mikromethode durchgeführten Untersuchungen des Blutes einiger Versuchspersonen, die Benzoldämpfe einatmeten, ergaben, daß dadurch kein erhöhter Alkoholspiegel im Blut vorgetäuscht wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01771142
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen über die reduzierende Wirkung einiger Desinfektionsmittel (1941)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 34 (1941), S. 467-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurden eine Reihe von Desinfektionsmitteln auf ihre reduzierende Wirkung untersucht. Nach überreichlicher Desinfektion der Haut mit Alkohol, Jodtinktur, Seifenspiritus, Äther, Benzin, Benzol, Zephirol, Sagrotan, Lysoform, Lysol wurden Blutentnahmen mittels Venüle vorgenommen. ImWidmark-Versuch waren die Werte weit unter 0,1 Promille. Damit wurde gezeigt, daß bei einer Blutentnahme mit Venüle eine Verunreinigung des Blutes durch das Desinfektionsmittel praktisch nicht in Frage kommt, daß ein Alkoholgehalt des Blutes durch das Desinfektionsmittel nicht vorgetäuscht werden kann. Die Benutzung einerKollervenüle erübrigt sich. Zur Blutentnahme mit Capillaren eignen sich die genannten Desinfektionsmittel nicht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01752862
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