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  • 1995-1999  (3)
  • 1999  (3)
  • cloud point  (2)
  • Children  (1)
  • Polymer and Materials Science
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of primary meningeal tumours in children (1999)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 41 (1999), S. 512-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Tumours ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Childhood meningeal tumours are uncommon and mostly meningiomas. We reviewed the histological and radiological findings in meningeal tumours in six children aged 12 years or less (four benign meningiomas, one malignant meningioma and one haemangiopericytoma). Compared to the adult counterpart, childhood meningiomas showed atypical features: cysts, haemorrhage, aggressiveness and unusual location. MRI features varied according to the site of the tumour, histology, haemorrhage, and presence of intra- or peritumoral cysts. Diagnosis of the extra-axial tumour was relatively easy in two patients with meningiomas, one malignant meningioma and one haemangiopericytoma. MRI findings strongly suggested an intra-axial tumour in two patients with benign meningiomas, because of severe adjacent edema. Awareness of the variable findings of childhood meningiomas and similar tumours may help in differentiation from brain tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050794
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical Stability of Ethyl Diatrizoate Nanocrystalline Suspension in Steam Sterilization (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 569-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: nanocrystals ; submicron crystals ; suspensions ; steam sterilization ; physical stability ; surfactants ; cloud point ; ethyl diatrizoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To study the effects of formulation variables on the physical stability of a submicron crystal (nanocrystal) suspension under steam sterilization conditions. Methods. Suspensions of ethyl diatrizoate nanocrystals were prepared by wet milling in the presence of the surfactant poloxamine 908. Particle size distribution and zeta potential were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. Results. On heating, the mean particle size of the nanocrystal suspension remained essentially unchanged up to 110°C, the cloud point of the stabilizing surfactant, but increased significantly above that temperature. The increase in particle size was a result of particle aggregation rather than crystal growth. Adding a cloud point booster to the suspension significantly minimized the particle aggregation at high temperatures. The purity of poloxamine 908 and the tonicity agent and buffer salt used also affected the heat stability of the suspension, the latter agents apparently through altering the surfactant cloud point. Conclusions. The aggregation of the ethyl diatrizoate nanocrystalline suspension under steam sterilization conditions was a result of phase separation of the stabilizing surfactant at its cloud point. When formulated with a cloud point booster to prevent the phase-separation, the suspension maintained its physical stability under steam sterilization without any significant change in particle size distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018883431970
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloud Point of Nonionic Surfactants: Modulation with Pharmaceutical Excipients (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 562-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: nonionic surfactants ; cloud point ; cloud point boosters ; poloxamers ; poloxamines ; liquid formulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To determine the cloud point of a variety of nonionic surfactants and to search for means to raise the surfactant cloud point in liquid formulations. Methods. Cloud points of nonionic surfactants were determined visually in a water bath. Organic compounds, many of which have been used as pharmaceutical excipients, were tested initially for effect on the cloud point of poloxamine 908. Four effective cloud point boosters (CPBs) from different structural classes were further tested on additional surfactants. Results. A number of compounds can raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactants. These cloud point boosters are classified into two categories: nonionic and ionic. The nonionic CPBs include poly(ethylene glycols), propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. They are effective at molar concentrations. The ionic CPBs include anionic and cationic surfactants, charged phospholipids, long chain fatty acids, and bile salts. They are effective at millimolar concentrations. Conclusions. The cloud point of nonionic surfactants used in liquid formulations can be modulated through the proper choice of excipient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018831415131
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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