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  • 1
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    The Great Revival : beginnings of the Bible belt (2000)
    Lexington, Ky : University Press of Kentucky
    Religion in the South  
    Details
    Keywords: Southern States, Church history. ; Revivals, Southern States.
    Pages: xvii, 236 p., [4] p. of plates
    ISBN: 0-8131-7065-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=52045
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal expansion coefficient of polycrystalline silicon and silicon dioxide thin films at high temperatures (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 4189-4193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The rapid growth of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industry has introduced a need for the characterization of thin film properties at all temperatures encountered during fabrication and application of the devices. A technique was developed to use MEMS test structures for the determination of the difference in thermal expansion coefficients (α) between poly-Si and SiO2 thin films at high temperatures. The test structure consists of multilayered cantilever beams, fabricated using standard photolithography techniques. An apparatus was developed to measure the thermally induced curvature of beams at high temperatures using imaging techniques. The curvatures measured were compared to the numerical model for multilayered beam curvature. The model accounts for the variation in thermomechanical properties with temperature. The beams were designed so that the values of Young's moduli had negligible effect on beam curvature; therefore, values from literature were used for ESi and ESiO2 without introducing significant error in curvature analysis. Applying this approximation, the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between αSi and αSiO2 was found to increase from 2.9×10−6 to 5.8×10−6 °C−1 between room temperature and 900 °C. These results suggest that the α for poly-Si thin films may be significantly higher than values for bulk, crystalline Si. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373050
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain-boundary room-temperature low-field magnetoresistance in Sr2FeMoO6 films (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 6761-6763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin films of (001)-oriented Sr2FeMoO6 have been epitaxially deposited or LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The deposition conditions were optimized. Single-phase Sr2FeMoO6 was obtained in 100 mTorr 99.999% Ar gas at 825 °C. Transport and magnetic data showed a metallic temperature dependence and a saturation magnetization Ms at 10 K of 3.2μB/f.u. However, the Curie temperature TC(approximate)380 K was reduced from 415 K found for tetragonal polycrystalline best ceramics, which lowers Ms at 300 K in the thin films to 1.5μB/f.u. compared to 2.2μB/f.u. in the ceramics. A low remanence was attributed to the presence of antiphase boundaries. A Wheatstone bridge arrangement straddling a bicrystal boundary was used to verify that spin-dependent electron transfer through a grain boundary and not an antiphase boundary is responsible for the low-field magnetoresistance found in polycrystalline samples below TC. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372833
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic properties of nonlinear NdSc3(BO3)4 (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 7159-7163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: NdSc3(BO3)4 (NdSB) can be grown as a nonlinear optical crystal having hexagonal (huntite) structure. The crystal has important spectroscopic properties suitable for various applications in photonics. The observed crystal-field splitting of the energy levels of Nd3+(4f3) has been identified based on analyses of the fluorescence, absorption, and excitation spectra obtained at 13, 80, and 300 K. A detailed crystal-field splitting calculation in which initial crystal-field parameters Bnm are established from lattice–sum calculations gives good agreement to the observed splitting. Experimental branching ratios and fluorescence lifetimes are reported and are compared with calculated values. The spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ in NdSB are also compared with values obtained for Nd3+ as a dopant in the nonlinear crystal YAl3(BO3)4. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372963
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic Seebeck and magneto-Seebeck coefficients of Bi and Bi0.92Sb0.08 alloy thin films (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 808-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have grown Bi and BiSb alloy thin films on (211)CdTe substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Growth proceeds with the Bi or BiSb (00.1) axis oriented along the CdTe[111] direction, which is tilted by 19° with respect to the substrate normal. Measurements of the Seebeck coefficient reveal a strong dependence on angle within the plane, due to the anisotropic electronic structure. The coefficient measured along the [1¯11] axis, which includes a trigonal contribution from the Seebeck tensor, is considerably higher than the value along the [011¯] axis. The magneto-Seebeck coefficient was also studied, for magnetic fields of 0–0.7 T. We observe a strong dependence on both crystal-axis and magnetic field direction, the so-called "umkehr" effect. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373740
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel imaging system for measuring microscale curvatures at high temperatures (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An innovative system was designed to optically measure the curvature of microelectromechanical system at high temperatures. The system takes advantage of the limited numerical aperture of the imaging system to detect the curvature of cantilever beams. Images of the beam are used to determine beam curvature at high temperatures of up to 850 °C by analyzing the apparent change in beam length as seen by the camera during an experimental trial. The system is designed to operate at very high temperatures, which is difficult in conventional microscale curvature measurement techniques such as scanning electron microscopy or stylus profilometry due to excess heating of peripheral equipment. The system can measure curvatures as small as 300 m−1, which corresponds to tip deflections of 1.5 μm for a 100 μm beam. The resolution of the system is limited by the image resolution of the charge-coupled device camera, and increases at large curvatures. The maximum curvature that can be measured by the system is limited by the increase in system resolution, and is estimated to be 4500 m−1, corresponding to 22 μm deflection for a 100 μm beam. The apparatus was demonstrated to measure the thermally induced curvature of multilayered thin-film cantilever beams. The beams bend at high temperatures due to mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the layers. One innovative application of such curvature measurement is the determination of thermophysical properties of thin films at elevated temperatures. This article presents the experimental setup and operational theory of apparatus, as well as curvature measurements obtained by the system. The thermal expansion coefficient of polycrystalline silicon, determined from the curvature measurements, are also discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150178
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barriers to Forest Regeneration in an Abandoned Pasture in Puerto Rico (2000)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sources of forest regeneration (soil seed bank, seed rain) and barriers to seedling establishment were examined in a recently abandoned pasture in eastern Puerto Rico. Few woody species were found in the soil seed bank or in the seed rain. The number of seeds and species in the seed rain and soil seed bank declined with distance from the adjacent secondary forest. Nine species naturally dispersed and colonized plots during the study, with the wind-dispersed tree Tabebuia heterophylla being the predominant colonizer (91% of all seedlings). Barriers to seedling establishment were determined using a blocked field experiment with eleven woody species representative of a variety of life histories. Each species was planted under the pasture vegetation (control) or in areas where all vegetation was removed (removal). Germination was enhanced for four species in the control treatment, five species were not affected, and two species did not germinate under either treatment. Survival to 6 months was higher in the removal treatment for two species. Seedling biomass was greater in the removal treatment at 12 months for one species. Seed mass was a good predictor of germination success and final shoot biomass, but not survival. This study demonstrates that seeding recently abandoned pastures with a mix of known pioneer species may accelerate the rate of secondary succession, but some species will have to be planted in later successional stages in order to overcome strong barriers to establishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80050.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest Regeneration in a Chronosequence of Tropical Abandoned Pastures: Implications for Restoration Ecology (2000)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During the mid-1900s, most of the island of Puerto Rico was deforested, but a shift in the economy from agriculture to small industry beginning in the 1950s resulted in the abandonment of agricultural lands and recovery of secondary forest. This unique history provides an excellent opportunity to study secondary forest succession and suggest strategies for tropical forest restoration. To determine the pattern of secondary succession, we describe the woody vegetation in 71 abandoned pastures and forest sites in four regions of Puerto Rico. The density, basal area, aboveground biomass, and species richness of the secondary forest sites were similar to those of the old growth forest sites (〉80 yr) after approximately 40 years. The dominant species that colonized recently abandoned pastures occurred over a broad elevational range and are widespread in the neotropics. The species richness of Puerto Rican secondary forests recovered rapidly, but the species composition was quite different in comparison with old growth forest sites, suggesting that enrichment planting will be necessary to restore the original composition. Exotic species were some of the most abundant species in the secondary forest, but their long-term impact depended on life history characteristics of each species. These data demonstrate that one restoration strategy for tropical forest in abandoned pastures is simply to protect the areas from fire, and allow natural regeneration to produce secondary forest. This strategy will be most effective if remnant forest (i.e., seed sources) still exist in the landscape and soils have not been highly degraded. Patterns of forest recovery also suggest strategies for accelerating natural recovery by planting a suite of generalist species that are common in recently abandoned pastures in Puerto Rico and throughout much of the neotropics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80048.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrocyte-Derived Nitric Oxide Causes Both Reversible and Irreversible Damage to the Neuronal Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Journal of neurochemistry 75 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes produce nitric oxide (NO), which, along with its metabolite peroxynitrite (ONOO-), can inhibit components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We used astrocytes as a source of NO/ONOO- and monitored the effects on neurons in coculture. We previously demonstrated that astrocytic NO/ONOO- causes significant damage to the activities of complexes II/III and IV of neighbouring neurons after a 24-h coculture. Under these conditions, no neuronal death was observed. Using polytetrafluoroethane filters, which are permeable to gases such as NO but impermeable to NO derivatives, we have now demonstrated that astrocyte-derived NO is responsible for the damage observed in our coculture system. Expanding on these observations, we have now shown that 24 h after removal of NO-producing astrocytes, neurons exhibit complete recovery of complex II/III and IV activities. Furthermore, extending the period of exposure of neurons to NO-producing astrocytes does not cause further damage to the neuronal mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, whereas the activity of complex II/III recovers with time, the damage to complex IV caused by a 48-h coculture with NO-producing astrocytes is irreversible. Therefore, it appears that neurons can recover from short-term damage to mitochondrial complex II/III and IV, whereas exposure to astrocytic-derived NO for longer periods causes permanent damage to neuronal complex IV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750694.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial of misoprostol and oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 107 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To compare oral misoprostol 400 μg with intramuscular oxytocin 10 IU in the routine management of the third stage.Design Double-blind placebo controlled trial.Setting Main referral hospital and its associated polyclinics in Accra, Ghana.Population Four hundred and one low risk women, in the second stage of labour with anticipated vaginal delivery, who entered labour spontaneously.Methods After delivery of the anterior shoulder of the baby, the women were randomised to receive either: 1. misoprostol 400 μg powder in water orally and 1 mL normal saline intramuscular injection (placebo); or 2. powdered cellulose in water orally (placebo) and 1 mL oxytocin 10 IU intramuscular injection.Main outcome measures Change in haemoglobin concentration from before delivery to 12 hours postpartum. Secondary outcomes included need for additional oxytocics, blood loss 〉 500 mL and 〉 1000 mL, operative intervention for postpartum haemorrhage, and side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, shivering and elevated temperature.Results Demographic characteristics were similar. There was no significant difference in change in haemoglobin concentration between the two groups (0.60 g/dL for misoprostol and 0.55 g/dL for oxytocin; relative difference 9.6%; 95% CI 20.5–39.6%; P= 0.54). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes with the exception of shivering, which occurred more frequently in the misoprostol group (22.2%vs 5.7%; relative risk 4.73; 95% CI 2.31–9.68; P 〈 0.0001).Conclusions In low risk women oral misoprostol appears to be as effective in minimising blood loss in the third stage of labour as intramuscular oxytocin. Shivering was noted more frequently with misoprostol use, but no other side effects were noted. Misoprostol has great potential for use in the third stage of labour especially in developing countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11109.x
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