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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 596 (1991), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Calcium oxychloride ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: An Oxychloride of Calcium: Ca4OCl6Ca4OCl6 (hexagonal, P63mc, Z = 2), a = 905.8(3), c = 686.3(4) pm, (R = 0.031) crystallizes as colourless needles from reducing melts (CaCl2, Ca) that contain small amounts of „oxygen“. It contains „isolated“ tetrahedral units [Ca4O] and is isotypic with e.g., Ba4OCl6, Yb4OCl6 and K6HgS4. Ca4OCl6 does not form in the dehydration process of, for example, CaCl2 · 6 H2O.
    Notes: Ca4OCl6 (hexagonal, P63mc, Z = 2, a = 905.8(3)); c = 686.3(4) pm, (R = 0,031) kristallisiert in Form farbloser Nadeln aus „reduzierenden Schmelzen“ (CaCl2, Ca), die wenig „Sauerstoff“ enthalten. Es enthält „isolierte“ tetraedrische [Ca4O]-Einheiten und ist isotyp mit z. B. Ba4OCl6, Yb4OCl6 oder K6HgS4. Ca4OCl6 entsteht nicht beim Entwässern von z. B. CaCl2 · 6 H2O.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Gluconobacter oxydans ; 5-ketogluconic acid ; tartatic acid ; vanadate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dependence of tartaric acid production by Gluconobacter oxydans ssp. oxydans ATCC 19357 and G. oxydans ssp. suboxydans ATCC 621 on vanadate was investigated. It was found with both organisms that trataric acid could only be produced in a medium containing vanadate (NH4VO3). A proposed intermediate of the tartaric acid metabolism in G. oxydans, 5-ketogluconic acid, was tested on its reactivity in the presence of the oxidizing catalyst vanadate. It could be shown that 5-ketogluconic acid and the catalyst vanadate, but not the activity of G. oxydans, were responsible for the formation of tartaric acid. G. oxydans was not able to produce tartaric acid by itself. The stereochemical identity of the formed tartaric acid could be identified as the L-(+)-type. Oxalic acid was formed from 5-ketogluconic acid with vanadate in the absence and in the presence of G. oxydans. The ratio of oxalic acid to tartaric acid was 1:1.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 353-358 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate ; chemostat ; Candida blankii ; D-xylose ; single cell protein ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Candida blankii yeast isolate was grown in sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate at 38°C in carbon-limited chemostat culture. The pretreatment of the acid hydrolysate prior to microbial cultivation consisted of partial neutralization with ammonia and sodium hydroxide, plus the addition of phosphorus, which was the only other growth-limiting nutrient apart from nitrogen. The cell yield coefficient on nitrogen was 16.78. The critical dilution rate was higher (0.35 h-1) in diluted hydrolysate than in undiluted hydrolysate (0.21 h-1). In undiluted hydrolysate at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1 and pH 4, where aseptic procedures proved unnecessary, the cell and protein yield coefficients were 0.53 and 0.26, respectively, and no residual carbon substrates (D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, and acetic acid) were detected. The cell yield on oxygen increased linearly as a function of dilution rate. The cellular content of protein, carbohydrate, and RNA also increased with an increase in dilution rate, whereas the DNA content decreased slightly. C. blankii has considerable potential for the production of single cell protein from hemicellulose hydrolysate, because of its ability to utilize all of the major carbon substrates in the hydrolysate at a low pH and at a relatively high temperature with a high protein yield. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 40 (1992), S. 760-767 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine ; (R)-1-aminoindan ; subtilisin ; organic solvent ; stereoselective aminolysis ; immobilized enzyme ; continuous process ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzymatic process has been developed for the continuous production of the pharmaceutically important intermediate (R)-1-aminoindan and of the chiral resolving agent (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine. The process consists of the subtilisin catalyzed stereoselective aminolysis of the racemic primary amine with an active ester in organic solvent. The competing nonenzymatic reaction has been suppressed by appropriate choice of solvent and reactant's concentration and by minimizing the time of contact between the amine and the active ester. Subtilisin was immobilized on glass beads and the reaction carried out in a continuous-flow column bioreactor. By using a 450-mL column bioreactor containing 5.7 g of subtilisin immobilized on 570 g of glass beads, 1.6 kg of racemic 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine was resolved after 320 h of continuous operation with only a slight loss of the enzymatic activity. During the whole process, the optical purity of the chiral amine eluting from the column was higher than 90%. A facile procedure was developed for separating the unreacted (R)-amine from the (S)-amide and for the recycling of the solvent 3-methyl-3-pentanol and the active ester 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl butyrate. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 602 (1991), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Alkali-iodoindates(III) ; indium ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Alkali-tetraiodoindates(III), AInI4 (A = Li, K, Rb, Cs)Single crystals of the yellow alkaliiodoindates(III), AInI4 (A = Li, K, Rb, Cs), are obtained from mixtures of the binary components by slow cooling of the melts. LiInI4 is isotypic with LiAlCl4: monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 838.9(4); b = 751.2(3); c = 1526,7(8) pm; β = 92.67(4)°. KInI4 belongs to the ATIX4 type of structure (A = NH4, K, Rb; X = Br, I): cubic, F4 3c, Z = 24; a = 1990.8(1) pm. RbInI4 crystallizes with the β-GaBr2 type: trigonal, R3c, Z = 18; a = 2452.6(6); c = 978.6(4) pm. CsInI4 is isostructural with CsTII4: monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 738.4(1); b = 1875.7(3); c = 853.6(2) pm; β = 105.75(2)°. In all structures almost regular tetrahedral polyhedra [InI4]- occur. The coordination numbers of the alkali cations cover the wide range from 6 (Li+) via 9 (Rb+) and 11 (Cs+) to 12 (K1+).
    Notes: Einkristalle der gelben Iodoindate(III) der Alkalimetalle, AInI4 (A = Li, K, Rb, Cs), erhält man aus Gemengen der binären Komponenten durch langsames Abkühlen der Schmelzen. LiInI4 ist isotyp mit LiAlCl4: monoklin, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 838,9(4); b = 751,2(3); c = 1526,7(8) pm; β = 92,67(4)°. KInI4 gehört zum ATIX4-Typ (A= NH4, K, Rb; X= Br, I): kubisch, F4 3c, Z = 24; a = 1990,8(1) pm. RbInI4 kristallisiert im β-Ga[GaBr4]-Typ: trigonal, R3c, Z = 18; a = 2452,6(6); c = 978,6(4) pm. CsInI4 ist isotyp mit CsTII4: monoklin, P21/c, Z = 4; a = 738,4(1); b = 1875,7(3); c = 853,6(2) pm; β = 105,75(2)°. Stets liegen annähernd tetraedrische Baugruppen [InI4]- vor. Die Koordinationszahlen der Alkali-Kationen überstreichen das Spektrum von 6 (Li+) über 9 Rb+, 11 (Cs+) bis 12 (K1+).
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium complexes ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Hydronium-tris-ethylenediamine-cobalt(rhodium)-μ-trichloro-nonachlorotrirhenate(III)-chloride, H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]Cl (M=Co, Rh)The chlorides H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]CI (M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) crystallize from hydrochloric acid solutions of ReCl3 and MEn3 · 3H2O as deep red hexagonal columns. They are isotypic and crystallize with the hexagonal system (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010.87(3); c = 794.30(4) pm, R = 0.023, Rw = 0.016; 2: a = 1018.58(3); c = 794.74(4) pm, R = 0.026, Rw = 0.018). The anions [Re3Cl12]3- are connected via H3O+ cation (C.N. 3). The large channels that run in the [001] direction contain, alternatively, the cations [MEn3]3+ and the lonesome Cl--anions
    Notes: Die Chloride H3O[MEn3][Re3CI12]CI(M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) Kristallisieren in Form tiefroter hexagonaler Säulen aus salzsauren Lösungen von ReCI3 und MEn3CI3 · 3H2O aus. Sie sind isotyp und Kristallisieren im hexagonalen System (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010,87(3); C = 794,30(4)pm, Rw = 0,016; : a = 1018,58(3); c = 794,74(4)pm, R = 0,026, Rw = 0,018). Die Anionen [ Re3Cl12]3- werden über H3O+ (C.N. 3) verknüpft; in die entstehenden Kanäle sind längs [001] abwechselnd die Kationen [MEn3]3+ und die einsamen Cl--Ionen eingelagert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 16-18 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ytterbium nitrates ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular and Crystal Structure of Ytterbium(III)-triaqua-trinitrate, Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 crystallizes from a concentrated solution of Yb2O3 in nitric acid in a vacuum desiccator at ambient temperature as colourless single crystals. The crystal structure was determined from single crystal four-circle diffractometer data (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175.5(1), c = 1117.7(2) pm, Vm = 134.25 cm3/mol, R = 3.0%, Rw = 2.9%). The structure may be viewed at as a heavily compressed packing of [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3] molecules. Yb3+ is coordinated by three bidentate nitrate ligands and three water molecules so that a tricapped trigonal prism (C.N. 9) of oxygen atoms results as the coordination polyhedron.
    Notes: Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 kristallisiert aus einer konzentrierten Lösung von Yb2O3 in Salpetersäure im Vakuumexsikkator bei Raumtemperatur in Form farbloser Einkristalle aus. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus Einkristall-Vierkreis-Diffraktometer-Daten bestimmt (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175,5(1), c = 1117,7(2) pm, Vm = 134,25 cm3/mol, R = 3,0%, Rw = 2,9%). Sie kann als stark gestauchte Kugelpackung von [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3]- Molekülen aufgefaßt werden. In diesen ist Yb3+ von drei zweizähnigen Nitratliganden und drei Wassermolekülen in Form eines dreifach bekappten trigonalen Prismas (C. N. 9) von Sauerstoffatomen umgeben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 513-516 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Synthesis ; Crystal Structure ; Lanthanides ; Ternary Lithium Nitrates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Structure of the First Anhydrous Ternary Lithium Nitrates of the Lanthanides, Li2[M(NO3)5] (M = La, Pr—Eu).Single crystals of the ternary lithium nitrates of the lanthanides, Li2[M(NO3)5] (M = La, Pr—Eu), are obtained by dissolving the respective anhydrous nitrate, previously obtained by dehydration of M(NO3)3 · 6 H2O at 180°C under vacuum, in a melt of LiNO3. In the crystal structure of Li2[Pr(NO3)5] (orthorhombic, Pnnm, Z = 4, a = 899.6(2), b = 1 052.7(2), c = 1 178.6(2)pm; R = 0.072, Rw = 0.034) there are two crystallographically different Pr3+ ions, each surrounded by six bidentate nitrate ligands. One nitrate group is bridging between Pr1 and Pr2 resulting in a winded chain, ∞1[(O2/2NO2/1)Pr1(NO3)4(O2/2NO2/1)Pr2(O2/2NO2/1)(NO3)4]5-, running along [010]. The chains are packed hexagonally and held together by lithium ions. The coordination polyhydron of Li+ may be described as a bicapped trigonal prism.
    Notes: Einkristalle der ternären Nitrate der Lanthanide vom Typ Li2[M(NO3)5] (M = La, Pr—Eu) erhält man durch Auflösen der zuvor bei 180°C unter Vakuum entwässerten Hydrate M(NO3)3 · 6 H2O in einer Lithiumnitrat-Schmelze. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse am Beispiel von Li2[Pr(NO3)5] (orthorhombisch, Pnnm, Z = 4; a = 899,6(2); b = 1 052,7(2); c = 1 178,6(2)pm; R = 0,072; Rw = 0,034) zeigt, daß zwei kristallographisch verschiedene Pr3+ vorliegen, die von jeweils sechs zweizähnigen Nitratliganden umgeben sind. Eine Nitratgruppe verbrückt zwischen Pr1 und Pr2, so daß sich eine gewundene Kette gemäß ∞1[(O2/2NO2/1)Pr1(NO3)4(O2/2NO2/1)Pr2(O2/2NO2/1)(NO3)4]5- ergibt, die längs [010] verläuft. Die Kettenstränge sind gemäß einer hexagonalen Stabpackung angeordnet und werden durch Li+-Ionen zusammengehalten. Die Koordination um Li+ kann als zweifach bekapptes trigonales Prisma beschrieben werden.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rare Earth Elements ; Halides ; Clusters ; Cesium Scandium Chloride Carbide ; Cesium Praseodymium Iodide Dicarbide ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cs4[Sc6C]Cl13 and Cs4[Pr6(C2)]I13  -  Two Examples for the Missing Link in the Connectivity of [M6Z]X12iX6a Building UnitsCs4[Sc6C]Cl13 (tetragonal, I41/amd, a = 1 540.5(4), c = 1 017.9(7) pm, c/a = 0.661, Z = 4, R = 0.038, Rw = 0.026) and Cs4[Pr6(C2)]I13 (a = 1 804.9(3), c = 1 259.5(3) pm, c/a = 0.698, R = 0.106, Rw = 0.068) are obtained as green-black and blue-black single crystals with brass-like metallic lustre through metallothermic reduction of ScCl3 and PrI3, respectively, with cesium in the presence of carbon in sealed tantalum containers. The, overall, isotypic compounds contain isolated [Sc6C] and [Pr6(C2)] clusters, respectively, that are surrounded by 18 halide (X) ligands (12 Xi and 6 Xa; X = Cl or I). The connection is carried out via the motif [M6Z]X8iX4/21-aX4/2a-1X2/2a-a (M = Sc and Pr; Z = C and C2, respectively) and is thereby the missing link of the motifs of connection for the composition Ax[M6Z]X13. Analogous interconnection of [TiO6] octahedra is found in the anatase-type of structure of TiO2.
    Notes: Cs4[Sc6C]Cl13 (tetragonal, I41/amd; a = 1 540,5(4); c = 1 017,9(7) pm; c/a = 0,661; Z = 4; R = 0,038; Rw = 0,026 und Cs4[Pr6(C2)]I13 (a = 1 804,9(3); c = 1 259,5(3) pm; c/a = 0,698; R = 0,106; Rw = 0,068) werden bei der metallothermischen Reduktion von ScCl3 bzw. PrI3 mit Caesium in Gegenwart von Kohlenstoff in verschweißten Tantalampullen in Form von grünschwarzen bzw. blauschwarzen, messingglänzenden Einkristallen erhalten. Die weitgehend isotypen Kristallstrukturen enthalten isolierte [Sc6C]- bzw. [Pr6(C2)]-Cluster, die von 18 Halogenid-Ionen (X-, 12 Xi und 6 Xa; X = Cl bzw. I) umgeben sind. Die Verknüpfung erfolgt gemäß dem Motiv [M6Z]X8iX4/21-aX4/2a-1X2/2a-a (M = Sc bzw. Pr; Z = C bzw. C2) und stellt damit ein noch unbekanntes Verknüpfungsmuster für Verbindungen der Zusammensetzung Ax[M6Z]X13 dar, das jenem der [TiO6]-Oktaeder in der Anatas-Struktur von TiO2 entspricht.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1527-1531 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Terbium Cluster ; [Tb10(C2)2] ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cs3[Tb10(C2)2]Cl21, A New Formula and Structure Type with Isolated Dimeric ClustersCs3[Tb10(C2)2]Cl21 is obtained via the metallothermic reduction of TbCl3 with caesium in the presence of graphite as black single crystals. The crystal structure (monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4; a = 2318.72(13); b = 1245.8(9); c = 1502.0(13) pm; β = 98.13(6)°; R = 0.089; Rw = 0.049) contains dimeric clusters that are built from two octahedra connected via one common edge and filled with C2 units. These isolated [Tb10(C2)2] clusters are surrounded by 26 chloride ligands which are then connected via i - a and a - a bridges in a way that voids for Cs+ of coordination number 10 are formed.
    Notes: Cs3[Tb10(C2)2]Cl21 entsteht bei der metallothermischen Reduktion von TbCl3 mit Caesium in Gegenwart von Graphit in Form schwarzer Einkristalle. Die Kristallstruktur (monoklin, C2/c, z = 4; a = 2318,72(13); b = 1245,8(9); c = 1502,0(13) pm; β = 98,13(6)°; R = 0,089; Rw = 0,049) enthält dimere Cluster, die aus zwei über eine gemeinsame Kante verknüpften und durch zwei C2-Hanteln aufgefüllten Oktaedern gebildet werden. Die isolierten [Tb10(C2)2]-Cluster sind von insgesamt 26 Cl- umgeben und durch i - a- bzw. a - a-Brücken so miteinander verknüpft, daß für die Cs+ Lücken der Koordinationszahl 10 verbleiben.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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