Library

Notes: In the COMPASS-D tokamak three multiviewing diagnostic systems are combined by using the same collection optics. HeI line ratios from a helium thermal jet provide detailed edge Te(r) and ne(r) profiles. The spectrometer also provides the Dα profile. A Doppler spectrometer system provides Ti and Vθ profiles using HeII emission. The Te and ne profiles are used in extracting neutral densities from the Dα emissivities, and the radial electric field from the Doppler measurements. The behavior of Te(r), ne(r), 2nD(r), Er, and Vθ and their gradients can now be compared in detail to investigate the H-mode transition physics. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Preliminary experiments were conducted to assess the winter hardiness of representative cultivars or populations of Festuca rubra, Holcus lanatus and Agrostis spp. in comparison with a hardy (Premo) and a susceptible (Grasslands Ruanui) cultivar of Lolium perenne. Two controlled-environment tests and a field experiment including two cutting and two fertilizer managements are reported.Grasslands Ruanui andH lanatus suffered most damage in all tests. In the controlled-environment experiments, Premo was at least as hardy as the F. rubra and Agrostis cultivars but in the field Premo was more susceptible. Spring growth of Premo was affected more by the cutting and fertilizer managements applied the previous summer and autumn than was spring growth of F. rubra or Agrostis spp.It was concluded that, whereas use off. F. rubra or Agrostis spp. should not be limited by fears of winter damage, poor winter hardiness may limit the value of H. lanatus for hill and upland reseeding.

Notes: In this article the author, using case study material, considers the motives which induce individuals either to join associations or to free-ride. In particular, he concludes that analysis and thinking on the free-rider problem needs to be pursued in a specific, well defined manner.

Notes: Caries prevalence and distributions were studied in 761 South African high school pupils aged 17 years in four ethnic groups, living in urban (low F) and rural (low and high F) areas. Mean DMFT values were significantly higher among White pupils than all other groups. Comparison of mean DMFT among the Black pupils showed that urban Black dwellers had a significantly higher score than rural pupils when caries-free individuals were included in the analysis, but not when scores for only those with a DMFT of 1 or more were compared. No significant differences were found between the DMFT values of Black rural pupils living in high or low fluoride areas. Among Black rural pupils, dental caries was approximately three times more common in permanent second molars compared with permanent first molars. In urbanized Black, Coloured, Indian and White subjects, the molars were approximately equally affected.

Notes: Abstract— This paper is a comparison of cross-sectional data on dental caries in the primary dentition undertaken between 1976 and 1981 in the Transvaal Province, South Africa, on 690 rural Black, 1463 urban Black, 870 Indian and 1622 White children aged 2–5 yr. There was a decrease in percentage dental caries prevalence in the urban White children and an increase in the other three groups, the fastest rate being seen among urban Indian children. Similar trends were noted for mean dmft. Dental caries in incisor and canine teeth remained fairly static but caries in molar teeth increased in the groups of Black and Indian children and decreased in the White children. Ratios d/dmft, m/dmft and f/dmft indicated that minimal treatment was received by all the children.

Notes: Abstract The oral health of 402 12-year-old Black schoolchildren was studied. Dental caries was seen in 65.6%, but 58.2% had a DMFT of less than 6, while the mean DMFT was 2.3. Few teeth were missing or filled, the majority being decayed. No significant association was found between DMFT and sex, ethnic group or father's occupation. Periodontal disease was seen in 40.3% and malocclusions were rare, being present in only 11.1%.

Notes: This paper reviews the state of the field of the sub-disciplines within UK management research, based upon the submissions of 94 UK higher education institutions to the Business and Management Studies Panel in the UK's 2001 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). It offers observations on the UK model of the assessment of quality in, and funding of, research conducted in publicly funded higher education institutions.

Notes: Objective To analyse biopsies of large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix; to identify factors associated with negative histology; and to develop predictive models in order to reduce the number of negative loop excisions.Design Retrospective analysis of patient notes and audit database.Setting Colposcopy clinic of a large district general hospital in North Staffordshire.Population Four hundred and fifty-two women who underwent a large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) procedure for suspected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.Methods Women who underwent a LLETZ procedure were placed in two different groups, one positive for cervical intra epithelial neoplasia and the other negative for cervical intra epithelial neoplasia. Information was obtained on a number of clinical and colposcopic variables. Analysis was undertaken to determine if there were any differences between the two groups. These factors were then identified and three predictive models generated. Receiver-operator characteristic curves were used to assess and test these models.Main outcomes measures To identify factors associated with negative histology on a LLETZ specimen. To predict how to reduce the number of negative LLETZ specimens.Results Four hundred and fifty-two women underwent a LLETZ procedure, 88 were negative (19%) and 364 were positive (81%). In women who were treated at their first visit, 56/316 (18%) had negative histology. There were significant associations between negative histology in the LLETZ and negative or low grade cytological atypia, negative colposcopic findings and years of age 〉 50 in both bivariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression. In the predictive models, the sensitivity ranged between 72% and 80%, the specificity 59%–72%, and the area under the receiver-operator characteristic was 0.75–0.77. If we had used the predictor models and managed women with negative or low grade cervical atypia and negative colposcopy findings conservatively, we would have reduced the negative biopsy rate from 19% to 14%, but five cases of high grade disease and 25 cases of low grade disease would have been missed. If we had also included women aged 〉 50 years in this model, the negative biopsy rate would have dropped from 19% to 15%, with only one case of high grade disease and 11 cases of low grade disease missed. All these women would require continued cytological and colposcopic surveillance. Importantly, no cases of invasion would have been missed.Conclusion Using a predictive model can reduce the number of negative LLETZ specimens, but at the expense of continued cytological and colposcopic surveillance and cannot be recommended in normal practice. This raises the question whether current standards for negative histology in LLETZ specimens are set unrealistically high.

Notes: Objective To test the hypothesis that prilocaine with felypressin causes fewer side effects than lignocaine with adrenaline when performing large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix.Design Randomised trial.Setting Colposcopy clinic in a large district general hospital.Participants Two hundred consecutive women undergoing large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix.Methods Two different local anaesthetic combinations (prilocaine with felypressin and lignocaine with adrenaline) were compared in women undergoing large loop excision of the transformation zone. Prospective collection of clinical and treatment data was undertaken with scoring using an ordinal scale of pain experienced by the women during the procedure. Peri-operative blood loss and any side effects were also recorded.Main outcome measures Side effects associated with the local anaesthetic agents.Results Lignocaine with adrenaline resulted in less blood loss (P= 0.006) but was more likely to cause side effects, such as feeling faint (P= 0.017) and shaking (P 〈 0.001).Conclusion Prilocaine with felypressin causes fewer side effects than lignocaine with adrenaline and is therefore the preferred local anaesthetic combination for large loop excision of the transformation zone.