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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (3)
  • 1985-1989  (12)
  • 1880-1889
  • Chemistry  (14)
  • 25.85 Ge
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shell effects in the evolution of the mass asymmetry in heavy-ion collisions leading to composite systems withZ=108 (1986)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 325 (1986), S. 335-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 25.70 Jj ; 25.85 Ge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fragment mass distributions are presented obtained in the heavy-ion reactions22Ne+249Cf,32S+238U,40Ar+232Th and56Fe+208Pb leading to composite systems with equal nuclear charge numberZ=108. The experiments were performed at the heavy-ion cyclotron U 300 of the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna. The spectrometer DEMAS was used to measure the time-of-flight values and the laboratory angles of the correlated fragments. The shape of the mass distributions strongly depends on the initial mass asymmetry. When decreasing the bombarding energy down to values near the Coulomb barrier, the mass distributions obtained in the reactions32S+238U and40Ar+232Th exhibit relative maxima ofM≈205 interpreted to be due to stabilizing effects of nuclear shells during the fragmentation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01294618
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mikrobielle Werkstoffzerstörung - Grundlagen: Mathematische Modellierung von Zerstörungsmechanismen (1994)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 45 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial deterioration of materials - fundamentals: Mathematical modelling of destruction mechanismsModern trends in materials science require novel methods and strategies. The general aim is to describe by models the reactions occurring at the surface and within a solid. At the present time, however, it is only possible to derive, from the experimental work, mathematical relations, and this is not sufficient for a prediction of materials behaviour. On the basis of the three steps involved in the description of materials behaviour, i. e. rules of thumb, statistical evaluation of experimental data (including models developed for the presentation of reaction kinetics), and development of physical models (among others Monte Carlo simulations), these three steps and, in particular, the preliminary step of biocorrosion, i. e. biofilm formation, are discussed. Only physical models allow a prediction of reactions, although a prediction independent from experiment is not possible because of the unknown distributions of the acting energies and their possible fluctuations. Beyond that an outline is given of the description of corrosion reactions and crack propagation. A general problem, in particular in connection with biological reactions, is the lack of interdisciplinary education of scientists and engineers.
    Notes: Die moderne Entwicklung der Werkstoffwissenschaft bedingt einen Wandel in den Methoden und Strategien. Es wird angestrebt, die an und im Festkörper ablaufenden Reaktionen in Form von Modellen zu beschreiben. Gegenwärtig gelingt es aber nur, aus experimentellen Untersuchungen mathematische Zusammenhänge abzuleiten, womit eine Vorhersage des Werkstoffverhaltens mit theoretischen Mitteln nicht gelingt.Ausgehend von den drei Erkenntnisstufen zur Beschreibung des Werkstoffverhaltens, den Faustregeln, einer Auswertung von Experimenten mit statistischen Methoden, hierzu gehören auch reaktionskinetische Modellansätze, und der Entwicklung physikalischer Modelle, u.a. Monte-Carlo-Simulationen, werden diese insbesondere für die „Vorstufe“ der biokorrosiven Schädigung vorgestellt, der Biofilmbildng. Nur physikalische Modelle ermöglichen die „Voraussage“ von Reaktionsabläufen, wobei infolge der Unkenntnis der Verteilungen für die wirkenden Energien und deren möglichen Fluktuationen eine vom Experiment getrennte Voraussage nicht möglich ist.In einem Überblick wird darüber hinaus auch auf die Beschreibung von Korrosionsreaktionen und das Rißwachstum eingegangen. Ein generelles Problem, insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit biologischen Reaktionsabläufen, stellt die nicht fachgrenzenübergreifende Ausbildung von Naturwissenschaftlern and Ingenieuren dar.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19940450108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anlagen und Apparate für die Destillation, Rektifikation, Sorption, Permeation und ExtraktionBerichterstatter: Dr.-Ing. R. Schmidt, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen/Rh.; Anschrift: Paul-Klee-Str. 1, 6710 Frankenthal. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 60 (1988), S. 956-965 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330601205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    101. Zur Dimensionierung von Destillationskolonnen mit regellosen und strukturierten Packungen (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 1113-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.3306509103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ellipsometric studies on the interaction of oxygen with thin copper films at 460 K (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 12 (1988), S. 407-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The capability of optical measurements to elucidate adsorption as well as absorption phenomena is demonstrated by using oxygen interaction with copper films as an example. The films (thickness about 30 nm) deposited under UHV conditions on glass substrates show a polycrystalline structure with a marked (111) fibre texture. Gas doses were provided at 460 K while recording simultaneously the ellipsometric response (λ = 1152 nm) and the electrical resistivity. The optical properties of the clean films correspond to well-known bulk data. O2 adsorption causes the ellipsometric angles σΔ and σψ to change by 0.05° and 0.02°, respectively. At pressures of about 1 Pa oxygen begins to penetrate into the interior of the sample which manifests itself in a further drastic increase of σΔ = 30° and σψ = 5°.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740120708
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Kristallstruktur von Na2NiAlF7 - ein Beitrag zum Problem der wahren Raumgruppe orthorhombischer WeberiteProfessor Osvald Knop zum 70. Geburtstage am 11. Juli 1992 gewidmet (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Weberite ; crystal structure ; nickel aluminium fluoride ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure of Na2NiAlF7  -  a Contribution to the Problem of the True Space Group of Orthorhombic WeberitesThe X-ray single crystal structure determination of the orthorhombic weberite Na2NiAlF7 (a = 707.4(2), b = 1003.8(2), c = 731.5(1) pm; Z = 4) was performed in space group Imma, after all reflections hk0 with h(k) = 2n + 1 could be eliminated, as they proved simulated by Renninger effect and/or λ/2 reflections. The alternative space groups Imm2 resp. I212121 of former weberite structure determinations thus became obsolete. The refinement using 880 independent reflections ended at wR = 0.0232. The resulting average distances within the framework of octahedra are Ni—F = 197.3, Al—F = 180.4 pm.
    Notes: Die Röntgen-Einkristallstrukturbestimmung des orthorhombischen Weberits Na2NiAlF7 (a = 707,4(2), b = 1003,8(2), c = 731,5(1) pm; Z = 4) wurde in der Raumgruppe Imma vorgenommen, nachdem alle Reflexe hk0 mit h(k) = 2n + 1 eliminiert werden konnten, weil sie sich durch Renninger-Effekt und/oder λ/2-Reflexe als vorgetäuscht erwiesen. Damit wurden die alternativen Raumgruppen Imm2 bzw. I212121 früherer Weberit-Strukturbestimmungen obsolet. Die Verfeinerung mit 880 unabhängigen Reflexen schloß ab mit wR = 0,0232. Die resultierenden Mittelwerte für die Abstände im Oktaedernetz betragen Ni—F = 197,3 pm, Al—F = 180,4 pm.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19926150903
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxofluorokomplexe der Übergangsmetalle. VIII. Kristallstruktur von K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O. Strukturchemischer Vergleich und spektroskopische Daten der Verbindungen K2Ti(O2)F4 · xH2O (mit x = 1, 1/2, 0) (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 559 (1988), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. VIII. Crystal Structure of K2Ti(O2)F4. · 1/2H2O. Structural Comparison and Spectroscopic Data of the Compounds K2Ti(O)2F4 · xH2O (x = 1, 1/2, 0)The yellow hemihydrat K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O crystallizes monoclinic (space group C2/c, a = 1680.5(6), b = 653.2(1), c = 1224.3(4) pm, β = 115.8(1)°, Z = 8, Rw = 0.038 for 1113 independent reflections). It contains isolated, dinuclear, di(μ-fluoro)-bridged [Ti2(O2)2F8]4- anions, as known by orange coloured K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O [1]. They are arranged in layers which are parallel to the (100) plane, whereas they are linked by hydrogen bonds forming infinite chains in K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O. Anhydrous K2Ti(O2)F4 - even yellow - crystallizes monoclinic with a = 828.9(2), b = 1107.6(2), c = 1303.9(3) pm, β = 92.29(2)°. I.r. and Raman spectra of all compounds are listed and interpreted. On the basis of the UV spectra the different colours of some titaniumperoxofluoro compounds are discussed in relation to the titanium-peroxid bonding.
    Notes: Das gelbe Hemihydrat K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2H2O kristallisiert monoklin (Raumgruppe C2/c, a = 1680,5(6), b = 653,2(1), c = 1224,3(4) pm, β = 115,8(1)°, Z = 8, Rw = 0,038 für 1113 unabhängige Reflexe). Es enthält isolierte, zweikernige, di(μ-fluoro)-verbrückte [Ti2(O2)2F8]4--Anionen, wie sie vom orangefarbenen K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O her schon bekannt sind [1]. Während sie dort jedoch über Wasserstoffbrücken zu Ketten verknüpft sind, sind sie im K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O in Schichten parallel zur (100) Ebene angeordnet. Das ebenfalls gelbe wasserfreie K2Ti(O2)F4 kristallisiert monoklin mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 828,9(2), b = 1107,6(2), c = 1303,9(3) pm, β = 92,29(2)°.IR- und Raman-Spektren aller drei Verbindungen K2Ti(O2)F4 · xH2O (x = 0, 1/2, 1) werden aufgeführt und interpretiert. Auf der Grundlage der UV-Spektren werden die unterschiedlichen Farben verschiedener Titanperoxofluoroverbindungen im Zusammenhang mit ihren Bindungsverhältnissen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19885590115
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acyl- und Alkylidenphosphane. XXX. Molekül- und KristallStruktur des 1H-1,3-BenzazaphospholsProfessor Rolf Appel zum 65. Geburtstage am 25. Februar 1986 gewidmet (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 540 (1986), S. 336-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphines. XXX. Molecular and Crystal Structure of 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole synthesized by Issleib and coworkers [2], crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with following dimensions of the unit cell Determined at a temperature of measurement of -80 ± 3°C: a = 828.6(2); b = 557.1(1); c = 1433.5(4) pm; Z = 4. An X-ray Structure Determination (Rg = 0.061) shows the molecule to be characterized by a rather narrow C—P=C angle of 88.2(4)° as well as a shortened single {180.7(7)} and a typical double bond {169.5(9) pm} between the carbon atoms and the twofold coordinate phosphorus. All the other bond lengths differ only scarcely from corresponding values of the homologues benzimidazole 2a [3, 4] and 1H-1,3-benzazarsole 2c [5]. In spite of the fact that all three solids crystallize in the same space group, only the heterocycles 2b and 2c are isotypic; intermolecular hydrogen bonds as found in 2a, are no longer present in the heavier homologues.
    Notes: Das Von Issleib u. Mitarb. [2] dargestellte 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphol 2b kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pna21 mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur Von -80 ± 3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a = 828,6(2); b = 557,1(1); c = 1433,5(4) pm; Z = 4. Nach den Ergebnissen einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rg = 0,061) weist das Molekül bei einem C—P=C-Winkel Von nur 88,2(4)° eine auf 180,7(7) pm Verkürzte Einfach- und eine mit 169,5(9) pm typische Doppelbindung zwischen Den Kohlenstoffatomen und Dem zweifach koordinierten Phosphoratom auf. Die übrigen Bindungslängen weichen kaum Von Den für die Homologen Benzimidazol 2a [3, 4] und 1H-1,3-Benzazarsol 2c [5] publizierten Werten ab. Obwohl bei allen drei Kristallstrukturen die gleiche Raumgruppe auftritt, sind nur die Heterocyclen 2b und 2c zueinander isotyp; die für Verbindung 2a charakteristischen intermolekularen Wasserstoffbrücken bilden sich bei Den schwereren Homologen nicht mehr aus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19865400936
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxofluorokomplexe der Übergangsmetalle. VII. Peroxofluorokryolithe A3Ti(O2)F5 (A = K, Na) und K2NaTi(O2)F5 Kristallstruktur von K3Ti(O2)F5 (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 537 (1986), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. VII. Peroxofluorokryolithes A3Ti(O2)F5 (A = K, Na) and K2NaTi(O2)F5. Crystal Structure of K3Ti(O2)F5Peroxofluorokryolithes A3Ti(O2)F5 (A = K, Na) and K2NaTi(O2)F5 were prepared at pH 4.5-6 by adding H2O2 and AOH/AF to solutions of TiO2 in hydrofluoric acid or aqueous solutions of TiF4. In the range of pH 3-4.5 exist phases of peroxofluoro-kryolithes with variations in stoichiometrie. A single crystall X-ray structure analysis of K3Ti(O2)F5 (Fm3m, a = 883.6(1) pm) yielded a disordered kryolithstructure (R = 0.020, RW = 0.017). Na3Ti(O2)F5 was found to crystallize in two monoclinic low-temperature - and one cubic high-temperature modifications. K2NaTi(O2)F5 crystallizes cubic (Fm3m) with a = 847.8(1) pm. Vibrational spectra have been measured and thermal behavior was studied by DTA/DTG and high-temperature guinier. At pH 9.5 K3Ti(O2)2F3 has been synthesized
    Notes: Peroxofluorokryolithe A3Ti(O2)F5 mit A = K, Na und K2NaTi(O2)F5 wurden aus flußsauren TiO2- oder wäßrigen TiF4-Lösungen, H2O2 und AOH/AF zwischen pH 4,5 und 6 hergestellt. Zwischen pH 3 und 4,5 existieren Peroxofluorokryolithphasen. Die Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur von K3Ti(O2)F5 (Fm3m, a = 883,6(1) pm) führte zu einem Kryolithfehlordnungsmodell, in dem auch die Alkaliionen statistisch fehlgeordnet sind (R = 0,020, RW = 0,017). Von Na3Ti(O2)F5 wurden zwei monokline Normaltemperatur- und eine kubische Hochtemperaturmodifikation aufgefunden. K2NaTi(O2)F5 kristallisiert kubisch (Fm3m) mit a = 847,8(1) pm. Die Schwingungsspektren wurden aufgenommen und das thermische Verhalten mittels DTA/DTG und Heizguinieraufnahmen untersucht. Bei pH 9,5 wurde die Verbindung K3Ti(O2)2F3 synthetisiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19865370619
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peroxofluorokomplexe der Übergangsmetalle. IX. Kristallstruktur von Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2OProfessor Walter Rüdorff in memoriam (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. IX. Crystal Structure of Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2OThe pale yellow hydrat Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2O crystallizes tetragonal (space group P42/mbc, a = 1 248.5(3), c = 812.2(2) pm; Z = 4; R = 0.026 for 404 independent reflections). It contains isolated [Ti(O2)F5]3- anions. Thermal decomposition leads directly to α-Ba3Ti2O2F10, which is isotypic to α-Ba3Al2F12.
    Notes: Das hellgelbe Hydrat Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2O kristallisiert tetragonal (Raumgruppe P42/mbc, a = 1 248,5(3), c = 812,2(2) pm; Z = 4; R = 0,026 für 404 unabhängige Reflexe) und enthält isolierte [Ti(O2)F5]3--Anionen. Die thermische Zersetzung führt direkt zum α-Ba3Ti2O2F10, das isotyp zum α-Ba3Al2F12 kristallisiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19895750123
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