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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Sociology 15 (1989), S. 187-209 
    ISSN: 0360-0572
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Sociology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Allergen-induced T-helper type 2 (Th2) responses can be inhibited with Th1 directing vaccines. However, studies comparing the efficacy of the different adjuvants have not been performed in detail.Objective For this reason we compare the effects of live Bacillus–Calmette–Guerin(BCG), heat-killed (hk)-BCG, CpG-ODN (oligodeoxynucleotide) or PPD on the development of allergen-induced Th2 responses in mice.Methods Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific allergic responses were induced in C57BL/6 mice by two intraperitoneally (i.p.) applications of OVA/alum followed by the intranasal challenge with OVA. The different Th1-inducing adjuvants were applied to the mice together with OVA/alum i.p. during the OVA-sensitization period and, subsequently, different parameters of allergic immune responses were evaluated.Results All the adjuvants were effective in inhibiting the development of allergen-induced airway eosinophilia, mucous production and, with the exception of PPD, also airway hyper-reactivity, when they were applied together with OVA/alum. However, allergen-specific IgG1 and IgE serum levels were only reduced in live BCG- and PPD-treated mice. Suppression of airway eosinophilia was not observed in IFN-γ- or IL-12-deficient mice (hk-BCG, CpG-ODN and PPD). Interestingly, live BCG was still able to suppress allergen-induced Th2 responses in the absence of either IFN-γ or IL-12. When mice vaccinated with the different adjuvants together with OVA/alum were subjected to a second period of OVA/alum immunization, only live and hk-BCG were able to efficiently suppress the development of airway inflammation. This effect could be adoptively transferred by splenic CD4+ T cells.Conclusions Taken together our data suggest that live BCG〉hk-BCG〉CpG-ODN 〉PPD are effective in suppressing allergen-induced Th2 responses. The degree of suppression and the component of the Th2 response affected (airway inflammation vs. the production of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1) were dependent upon the adjuvant used and how it was applied. Our results contribute to the design of novel vaccines protecting humans from developing allergic disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 34 (1978), S. 1999-2000 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 71 (1988), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional imaging of current filament patterns generated in homogeneousn-type GaAs during avalanche breakdown at low temperatures is reported. The self-generated formation and subsequent growth behavior of distinct single- and multifilament configurations could globally be visualized by means of a scanning electron microscope equipped with a liquid-helium stage. From local conductivity measurements in the smallest possible filaments (typical diameter of about 10 μm) carrier mobilities as high as about 4·106 cm2/Vs at 4.2 K were estimated. Such high-mobility filament channels may become interesting for applications in ultrafast electronic circuits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 277 (1985), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Dithranol ; Metabolization in epidermis ; Dithranol-Brown ; Copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 05.45.+b ; 72.20.Ht ; 72.70.+m
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present experimental investigations on the spatio-temporal nonlinear current flow in the post-breakdown regime of p-germanium at liquid-helium temperatures. The basic nonlinear effects are characterized in terms of the underlying semiconductor physics, taking into account the influence of different experimental parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Muscle human skeletal ; Muscle denervated ; Neurogenic atrophy ; Energy supplying metabolism ; Enzyme activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Repräsentative Enzymaktivitäten des energieliefernden Stoffwechsels wurden in Muskelproben aus dem M. biceps brachii, M. deltoideus und M. tibialis anterior bei Patienten mit umschriebenen Läsionen peripherer Nerven gemessen. Als Normalkollektiv dienten die gleichzeitig gemessenen Enzymaktivitäten in den normalen Muskeln der Gegenseite. 5 Patienten litten an einer Armplexusschädigung, 7 Patienten hatten sich eine Axillarisparalyse und 8 Patienten eine Peronaeusparalyse zugezogen. In allen denervierten Muskeln waren elektromyographisch keine Zeichen einer Reinnervation nachweisbar. Die höchsten Enzymaktivitäten der Glykogen-Phosphorylase, der Triosephosphat-Dehydrogenase, der Lactat-Dehydrogenase und der α-Glycerophosphat-Dehydrogenase fanden sich im normalen M. biceps brachii. Niedrigere Aktivitäten wurden im normalen M. deltoideus und M. tibialis anterior gemessen. Die oxydativen Enzyme 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase und Citrat-Synthase zeigten ebenso wie die Hexokinase keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den 3 Muskeln. Es wird angenommen, daß die unterschiedlich hohen Enzymaktivitäten der Glykogenolyse, der Glykolyse und der α-Glycerophosphat-Oxydation im M. biceps brachii, M. deltoideus und M. tibialis anterior möglicherweise durch unterschiedliche Impulsmuster der motorischen Nerven hervorgerufen werden. In den ersten beiden Monaten nach der Denervierung fallen die Enzymaktivitäten der Glykogen-Phosphorylase, der Triosephosphat-Dehydrogenase, der Lactat-Dehydrogenase und der α-Glycerophosphat-Dehydrogenase im M. biceps brachii, M. deltoideus und M. tibialis anterior rasch ab, während sie in den folgenden Monaten kaum noch absinken. Die Aktivitäten der oxydativen Enzyme, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase und Citrat-Synthase, zeigen nach der Denervierung keine signifikante Änderung. Die Aktivität der Hexokinase steigt nach der Denervierung in allen Muskeln signifikant an. Unterschiedlich hohe Enzymaktivitäten der Glykogenolyse, Glykolyse und der Glycerophosphat-Oxydation waren nach Denervierung im M. biceps brachii, M. deltoideus und M. tibialis anterior nicht mehr nachweisbar. Es wird versucht, den steilen Abfall der Enzymaktivitäten der Glykogenolyse, der Glykolyse und der α-Glycerophosphat-Oxydation nach Denervierung zu erklären. Ebenso werden die möglichen Ursachen der unveränderten Aktivitäten der oxydativen Enzyme und des Anstiegs der Hexokinase in den drei untersuchten Muskeln nach Denervierung diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Representative enzyme activities of energy supplying metabolism were measured in muscle specimens of branchial biceps, deltoid or anterior tibial muscle of patients with affections of the peripheral nerves. Simultaneously performed measurements of the same enzyme activities in the contralateral normal muscles served as a control. 5 patients suffered from a lesion of the brachial plexus, 7 patients had a paralysis of the axillary nerve, and 8 patients had a peroneal paralysis. In all denervated muscles no electrophysiological signs of reinnervation were present. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were found to be highest in the normal brachial biceps muscle. Lower activities were measured in the normal deltoid and anterior tibial muscle. The oxidative enzymes, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase as well as hexokinase, showed no significant difference from the levels of the control. It is suggested that a probable factor determining the differences of the enzyme activities of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and α-glycerophosphate oxidation between brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscle, might be the pattern of impulse activity in the motor nerves of these muscles. The enzyme activities of glycogen phosphorylase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, decreased rapidly during the first 2 months after denervation in the brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscle, whereas the decrease was slight during the following months. The activities of the oxidative enzymes (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase) showed no significant change after denervation. The metabolic difference of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and α-glycerophosphate oxidation between the three muscles was no longer maintained. The possible causes of the deeply decreased enzyme activities of glycogenolysis, glycolysis and α-glycerophosphate oxidation, as well as the causes of the unchanged oxidative enzyme activities and of the increased hexokinase activity after denervation in the human brachial biceps, deltoid and anterior tibial muscle, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 223 (1977), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Muscle metabolism ; Enzyme activity ; Chronic alcohol abuse ; Alcoholic neuropathy ; Muscle denervated ; Muskelstoffwechsel ; Enzymaktivität ; Chronischer Alkoholabusus ; Alkoholische Polyneuropathie ; Denervierter Muskel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Enzymaktivitäten des energieliefernden Muskelstoffwechsels wurden in Muskelgewebsproben aus dem M. biceps brachii oder M. tibialis anterior bei Patienten mit chronischem Alkoholabusus ohne Neuropathie und bei chronischen Alkoholikern mit klinischen Zeichen einer peripheren Nervenerkrankung gemessen. Vor Durchführung der biochemischen Bestimmungen wurden klinische, elektromyographische und elektroneurographische Untersuchungen vorgenommen. Unsere elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, daß es bei chronischem Alkoholismus primär zu einer axonalen Schädigung peripherer Nervenfasern kommt, und daß die distalen Enden der motorischen Nervenfasern frühzeitig betroffen sind. Die Enzymaktivitäten der Glykogenphosphorylase, Triosephosphatdehydrogenase und Lactatdehydrogenase waren sowohl im M. tibialis anterior von chronischen Alkoholikern mit Polyneuropathie als auch im M. biceps brachii von Alkoholikern ohne klinisch nachweisbare neurogene Schädigung signifikant erniedrigt. Das Absinken dieser Aktivitäten schien ein empfindlicherer Indikator einer beginnenden alkoholischen Polyneuropathie zu sein als die elektromyographischen Befunde. Bei Patienten mit alkoholischer Polyneuropathie waren die Aktivitäten der alpha-Glycerophosphatdehydrogenase, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase, Citratsynthase und Succinatdehydrogenase leicht erniedrigt und die Aktivitäten der Hexokinase und 6-Phosphogluconatdehydrogenase leicht angestiegen. Sowohl die Enzymveränderungen als auch die pathologischen Zeichen im EMG-Muster waren in den Mm. tibiales anteriores ausgeprägter als in den Mm. bicipites brachiales. Möglicherweise kann ein Muskelenzymmuster mit niedrigen Aktivitäten der Lactatdehydrogenase und Triosephosphatdehydrogenase bei unveränderter oder leicht erhöhter Aktivität der alpha-Glycerophosphatdehydrogenase auf einen chronischen Alkoholabusus hinweisen
    Notes: Summary Enzyme activities of energy supplying metabolism were measured in muscle specimens of the brachial biceps or anterior tibial muscles both of alcoholic patients without neuropathy and of alcoholic patients with clinical manifestations of peripheral disease. Clinical, electromyographic, and nerve conduction studies were performed before the beginning of the biochemical measurements. Our electrophysiologic results suggest that an axonal lesion of peripheral nerves in chronic alcoholics occurs first, and that the distal ends of the motor nerve fibres are early affected. The enzyme activities of glycogen phosphorylase, triosephosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased in both tibial anterior muscles of chronic alcoholics with peripheral neuropathy and in the biceps brachial muscles of alcoholics without any clinical signs of neurogenic damage. The decrease of these activities seemed to be a more sensitive indicator of the beginning of an alcoholic neuropathy than the electromyographic findings. The activities of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and succinate dehydrogenase were slightly decreased and the activities of hexokinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase slightly increased in patients with alcoholic neuropathy. Both changes of enzyme activities and pathologic signs in the EMG pattern appeared to be more extensive in the tibial anterior muscles than in the biceps brachial muscles. A muscle enzyme pattern showing decreased activities of lactate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate dehydrogenase, as well as unchanged or slightly increased activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, might be an indication of chronic alcohol abuse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 216 (1975), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 26 (1976), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einigen Betrachtungen über Verträglichkeitsfragen bei der Einnahme aminhaltiger Nahrungsmittel werden die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen über die Gehalte an nichtflüchtigen Aminen in Wein und Sauerkraut aufgeführt. In Wein und Sauerkraut wird Histamin durch Milchsäurebakterien der Art Pediococcus cerevisiae gebildet. Verschiedene weitere Amine, z.B. Tyramin, Putrescin und Phenyläthylamin, werden während des biologischen Säureabbaus in Wein ebenfalls durch Milchsäurebakterien produziert.
    Notes: Abstract After some remarks on compatibility problems of food containing biogenic amines, results are presented on non volatile amine content in wine and sauerkraut. In wine and sauerkraut, histamine is produced by lactic acid bacteria of the Pediococcus cerevisiae species. Several other amines, e.g. tyramine, putrescine and phenylethylamine are also formed during malo-lactic fermentation in wine by lactic acid bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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