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  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (12)
  • 1880-1889
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (9)
  • Motor programs  (2)
  • 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 355-367 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rapid arm movements ; Motor programs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transformations of the underlying movement control of rapid sequential (reversal) responses were examined as the movement amplitude (Experiment 1) and moment of inertia (Experiment 2) were altered, with constant movement time. Increases in amplitude and inertia were both met by sharply increased joint torques with a constant temporal structure, suggesting that the alterations may have been governed by a single gain parameter. The durations of various EMG bursts were essentially constant across changes in inertia, supporting a model in which the output of a fixed temporal representation is amplified to alter joint torques. The EMG amplitudes increased greatly with both amplitude and load. However, the fact that the EMG durations increased systematically with increases in distance provided difficulties for this model of amplitude control. The data suggest an economy in motor control in simple agravitational movements, whereby relatively simple transformations of an underlying representation can accomodate large changes in movement amplitude and moment of inertia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 69 (1988), S. 344-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rapid arm movements ; Movement time ; Motor programs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Modifications to the underlying motor control of rapid reversal movements (flexion-extension of the elbow) to accomodate experimentally induced changes in the movement time (MT) with constant movement amplitude were examined in man. MT was altered between conditions via instructions and feedback, resulting in seven distinct MT levels (from 100 to 250 ms to the reversal point) with essentially constant movement amplitude. As MT was decreased, the large increases in acceleration were met by two changes in motor control: (a) two-to three-fold increases in the peak accelerations and peak amplitudes of the agonist and antagonist EMGs, and (b) a systematic “compression” of the temporal structure of the entire acceleration-time and EMG-time patterns. This temporal “compression” with increased velocity caused by shifts in MT (distance constant) are considerably different from the constant-duration EMG bursts found when velocity is altered by changing movement distance (where MT is nearly constant). Our findings indicate that MT is a determiner of the temporal structure of rapid actions, and suggest that MT should be regarded as an important controlled variable, and not simply as an emergent property of variations in velocity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 115 (1989), S. 516-524 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ; Semiquantitative estimation of initiating activity ; Semiquantitative estimation of promoting activity ; Phorbol ester ; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A versatile standardized protocol of initiation/promotion of skin is described using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene as initiator and diterpene esters as promoters in 28 female NMRI mice per promoter (or initiator) dose group including appropriate positive and negative controls (“standardized initiation/promotion protocol 28” or “protocol 28”). To monitor the weekly tumor responses, the tumor rate T r and the tumor yield T y were recorded per dose group collectively as a measure of the tumor-promoting (or initiating) activity of individual compounds; similarly the general health status of the group was controlled twice weekly by collective weighing of the dose group and recorded daily by the survival rate S r. Synoptic consideration of T r, T y and the promoter dose (or initiator dose) at a set time period of exposure was used for the semiquantitative estimation of the relative tumor-promoting (or initiating) potency, referring to a high-potency promoter (or initiator) as standard. The full scope of utilization of “protocol 28” to determine comparable individual promoting activities and-at 24 weeks of exposure — relative tumor-promoting potencies (rtpp 24) is demonstrated in typical examples with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) as well as various other phorbol esters as promoters. For estimation of promoting potencies TPA is rated a rtpp24 of ++++. The other phorbol derivatives exhibit rtpp24 between 0 and ++++. In this manner, “protocol 28” was verified in 1000 promoter dose groups (i.e. 28 000 mice) to determine tumor-promoting activities of individual diterpene esters and partly also their rtpp24. Grading of tumor-promoting potencies of diterpene esters in skin by rtpp24 proved useful for evaluating the relative environmental risk involved in exposure to various diterpene esters as well as in comparative mechanistic investigations including structure/activity relationships. As an example, the correlation of irritancy and tumor-promoting potency of certain diterpene esters in epithelial tissue, postulated previously from essentially qualitative data, is verified in semiquantitative terms by comparison — as a typical example — of the irritancy of phorbol esters on the ear and of the corresponding rtpp24 on the back skin of NMRI mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. VIII. Crystal Structure of K2Ti(O2)F4. · 1/2H2O. Structural Comparison and Spectroscopic Data of the Compounds K2Ti(O)2F4 · xH2O (x = 1, 1/2, 0)The yellow hemihydrat K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O crystallizes monoclinic (space group C2/c, a = 1680.5(6), b = 653.2(1), c = 1224.3(4) pm, β = 115.8(1)°, Z = 8, Rw = 0.038 for 1113 independent reflections). It contains isolated, dinuclear, di(μ-fluoro)-bridged [Ti2(O2)2F8]4- anions, as known by orange coloured K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O [1]. They are arranged in layers which are parallel to the (100) plane, whereas they are linked by hydrogen bonds forming infinite chains in K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O. Anhydrous K2Ti(O2)F4 - even yellow - crystallizes monoclinic with a = 828.9(2), b = 1107.6(2), c = 1303.9(3) pm, β = 92.29(2)°. I.r. and Raman spectra of all compounds are listed and interpreted. On the basis of the UV spectra the different colours of some titaniumperoxofluoro compounds are discussed in relation to the titanium-peroxid bonding.
    Notes: Das gelbe Hemihydrat K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2H2O kristallisiert monoklin (Raumgruppe C2/c, a = 1680,5(6), b = 653,2(1), c = 1224,3(4) pm, β = 115,8(1)°, Z = 8, Rw = 0,038 für 1113 unabhängige Reflexe). Es enthält isolierte, zweikernige, di(μ-fluoro)-verbrückte [Ti2(O2)2F8]4--Anionen, wie sie vom orangefarbenen K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O her schon bekannt sind [1]. Während sie dort jedoch über Wasserstoffbrücken zu Ketten verknüpft sind, sind sie im K2Ti(O2)F4 · 1/2 H2O in Schichten parallel zur (100) Ebene angeordnet. Das ebenfalls gelbe wasserfreie K2Ti(O2)F4 kristallisiert monoklin mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 828,9(2), b = 1107,6(2), c = 1303,9(3) pm, β = 92,29(2)°.IR- und Raman-Spektren aller drei Verbindungen K2Ti(O2)F4 · xH2O (x = 0, 1/2, 1) werden aufgeführt und interpretiert. Auf der Grundlage der UV-Spektren werden die unterschiedlichen Farben verschiedener Titanperoxofluoroverbindungen im Zusammenhang mit ihren Bindungsverhältnissen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphines. XXX. Molecular and Crystal Structure of 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole synthesized by Issleib and coworkers [2], crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with following dimensions of the unit cell Determined at a temperature of measurement of -80 ± 3°C: a = 828.6(2); b = 557.1(1); c = 1433.5(4) pm; Z = 4. An X-ray Structure Determination (Rg = 0.061) shows the molecule to be characterized by a rather narrow C—P=C angle of 88.2(4)° as well as a shortened single {180.7(7)} and a typical double bond {169.5(9) pm} between the carbon atoms and the twofold coordinate phosphorus. All the other bond lengths differ only scarcely from corresponding values of the homologues benzimidazole 2a [3, 4] and 1H-1,3-benzazarsole 2c [5]. In spite of the fact that all three solids crystallize in the same space group, only the heterocycles 2b and 2c are isotypic; intermolecular hydrogen bonds as found in 2a, are no longer present in the heavier homologues.
    Notes: Das Von Issleib u. Mitarb. [2] dargestellte 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphol 2b kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pna21 mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur Von -80 ± 3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a = 828,6(2); b = 557,1(1); c = 1433,5(4) pm; Z = 4. Nach den Ergebnissen einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rg = 0,061) weist das Molekül bei einem C—P=C-Winkel Von nur 88,2(4)° eine auf 180,7(7) pm Verkürzte Einfach- und eine mit 169,5(9) pm typische Doppelbindung zwischen Den Kohlenstoffatomen und Dem zweifach koordinierten Phosphoratom auf. Die übrigen Bindungslängen weichen kaum Von Den für die Homologen Benzimidazol 2a [3, 4] und 1H-1,3-Benzazarsol 2c [5] publizierten Werten ab. Obwohl bei allen drei Kristallstrukturen die gleiche Raumgruppe auftritt, sind nur die Heterocyclen 2b und 2c zueinander isotyp; die für Verbindung 2a charakteristischen intermolekularen Wasserstoffbrücken bilden sich bei Den schwereren Homologen nicht mehr aus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 537 (1986), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. VII. Peroxofluorokryolithes A3Ti(O2)F5 (A = K, Na) and K2NaTi(O2)F5. Crystal Structure of K3Ti(O2)F5Peroxofluorokryolithes A3Ti(O2)F5 (A = K, Na) and K2NaTi(O2)F5 were prepared at pH 4.5-6 by adding H2O2 and AOH/AF to solutions of TiO2 in hydrofluoric acid or aqueous solutions of TiF4. In the range of pH 3-4.5 exist phases of peroxofluoro-kryolithes with variations in stoichiometrie. A single crystall X-ray structure analysis of K3Ti(O2)F5 (Fm3m, a = 883.6(1) pm) yielded a disordered kryolithstructure (R = 0.020, RW = 0.017). Na3Ti(O2)F5 was found to crystallize in two monoclinic low-temperature - and one cubic high-temperature modifications. K2NaTi(O2)F5 crystallizes cubic (Fm3m) with a = 847.8(1) pm. Vibrational spectra have been measured and thermal behavior was studied by DTA/DTG and high-temperature guinier. At pH 9.5 K3Ti(O2)2F3 has been synthesized
    Notes: Peroxofluorokryolithe A3Ti(O2)F5 mit A = K, Na und K2NaTi(O2)F5 wurden aus flußsauren TiO2- oder wäßrigen TiF4-Lösungen, H2O2 und AOH/AF zwischen pH 4,5 und 6 hergestellt. Zwischen pH 3 und 4,5 existieren Peroxofluorokryolithphasen. Die Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur von K3Ti(O2)F5 (Fm3m, a = 883,6(1) pm) führte zu einem Kryolithfehlordnungsmodell, in dem auch die Alkaliionen statistisch fehlgeordnet sind (R = 0,020, RW = 0,017). Von Na3Ti(O2)F5 wurden zwei monokline Normaltemperatur- und eine kubische Hochtemperaturmodifikation aufgefunden. K2NaTi(O2)F5 kristallisiert kubisch (Fm3m) mit a = 847,8(1) pm. Die Schwingungsspektren wurden aufgenommen und das thermische Verhalten mittels DTA/DTG und Heizguinieraufnahmen untersucht. Bei pH 9,5 wurde die Verbindung K3Ti(O2)2F3 synthetisiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 575 (1989), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. IX. Crystal Structure of Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2OThe pale yellow hydrat Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2O crystallizes tetragonal (space group P42/mbc, a = 1 248.5(3), c = 812.2(2) pm; Z = 4; R = 0.026 for 404 independent reflections). It contains isolated [Ti(O2)F5]3- anions. Thermal decomposition leads directly to α-Ba3Ti2O2F10, which is isotypic to α-Ba3Al2F12.
    Notes: Das hellgelbe Hydrat Ba3[Ti(O2)F5]2 · 2 H2O kristallisiert tetragonal (Raumgruppe P42/mbc, a = 1 248,5(3), c = 812,2(2) pm; Z = 4; R = 0,026 für 404 unabhängige Reflexe) und enthält isolierte [Ti(O2)F5]3--Anionen. Die thermische Zersetzung führt direkt zum α-Ba3Ti2O2F10, das isotyp zum α-Ba3Al2F12 kristallisiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Peroxofluoro Complexes. VI. Preparation, Vibrational Spectra, and Crystal Structure of (NH4)3Zr(O2)F5. A New Disorder Model for Ammonium Peroxopentafluoro Metallates(IV) with Elpasolite Structure(NH4)3Zr(O2)F5 has been prepared from solution and characterized by the i.r. and raman spectra. The disordered crystal structure was determined: space group Fm3m, Z = 4, a = 944.01(8) pm, Rw = 0.014 for 162 reflections. A new disorder model - revised with respect to former proposals made for the isotypic Ti compound - allows now to derive unambiguously the geometry of the complex anions: d(O—O) = 157(1), d(Zr—O) = 206.3(9), d(Zr—F), average 203.8 pm. An analogous treatment of the disorder for (NH4)3Ti(O2)F5 also led to a significant improvement of the results (Rw = 0.019, d(O—O) = 151(2), d(Ti—O) = 197(1), d(Ti—F), average 191.6 pm).
    Notes: (NH4)3Zr(O2)F5 wurde aus Lösung dargestellt, IR- und Raman-spektroskopisch charakterisiert, und die fehlgeordnete Kristallstruktur bestimmt: Raumgruppe Fm3m, a = 944,01(8) pm, Z = 4, Rw = 0,014 für 162 Reflexe. Ein neues, gegenüber früheren Vorschlägen für die isotype Ti-Verbindung verbessertes Fehlordnungsmodell erlaubt nun die widerspruchsfreie Ableitung der Gestalt der komplexen Anionen: d(O—O) = 157(1), d(Zr—O) = 206,3(9), d(Zr—F) = 203,8 pm (gemittelt). Analoge Behandlung der Fehlordnung führte auch bei (NH4)3Ti(O2)F5 zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung früherer Resultate (Rw = 0,019, d(O—O) = 151(2), d(Ti—O) = 197(1), d(Ti—F) gemittelt 191,6 pm).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 520 (1985), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphines. XXVII. Molecular and Crystal Structure of Methyl-[(N-phenyl, N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphine.Methyl[(N-phenyl, N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphine 1a formed via an addition of methylbis(trimethylsilyl)phosphine to phenyl isothiocyanate [1], crystallizes in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space group P21/n with following dimensions of the unit cell determined at a temperature of measurement of -80±3°C: a=1041.2(4);b=1706.9(12);c=1001.1(6)pm; β=106.41(4)°; Z = 4. An X-ray structure determination (Rw = 0.039) confirms the constitution of the compound as already derived from its nmr spectra. One trimethylsilyl group is bound to the phosphorus atom, whereas the other is connected with the sp2-hybridized nitrogen atom. Characteristic rounded bond lenghts and angles are: P—Si 231, P—CH3 184, P—C(S) 187, C=S 167, N—C(S) 137, and N—Si 181 pm as well as P—C—S 122°, P—C—N 117°, and S—C—N 121°.
    Notes: Das durch Addition von Methylbis (trimethylsilyl) phosphan an Phenylisothiocyanat gebildete [1] Methyl[N-phenyl, [N-trimethylsilyl] thiocarbamoyl thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphan 1a kristallisiert monoklin in der zentrosymmetrischen Raumgruppe P21/n mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur von -80±3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a=1041,2(4); b=1706,9(12); c=1001,1(6) pm; β-106,41(4)°; Z = 4. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse (w = 0,039) bestätigt die bereits aus den NMR-Spektren abgeleitete Konstitution der Verbindung mit an Phosphor- und sp2-hybridisiertes Stickstoffatom gebundenen Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen. Charakteristische gerundete Bindungslängen und - winkel sind: P—Si 231, P—CH3 184, P—C(S) 187, C=S 167, N—C(S) 137 und N—Si 181pm sowie P—C—S 122°, P—C—N 117° und S—C—N 121°.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Existence of the Compound K2TiOF4: Pyrohydrolytic Degradation of K2TiF6 and Thermochemical Behaviour of K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2OIn an attempt to prepare K2TiOF4 we used the following three ways; solid-state reaction of K2TiF6, TiO2, and KF, pyrohydrolysis of K2TiF6 at 450 and 550°C, and thermal decomposition of K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O. In each case the reaction products were mixtures of several compounds, always containing the kryolith-phase K2+xTiOxF6-x and TiO2. At 130°C K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O forms K2Ti(O2)F4 by loss of H2O, and at 230°C the peroxogroup decomposes, yielding K2TiOF4 as main product. K2TiOF4 crystallizes tetragonally with the following lattice parameters: a = 769.7(1) and c = 1153.9(2)pm. The i.r. spectrum shows an absorption band at 810 cm-1, pointing to infinite chains of —Ti—O—Ti—O—.
    Notes: Versuche zur Darstellung von K2TiOF4 mittels Festkörperreaktion aus K2TiF6, TiO2 und KF, durch pyrohydrolytischen Abbau von K2TiF6 bei 450 und 550°C, sowie durch thermische Zersetzung von K2Ti(O2)F2 · H2O wurden durchgeführt. Die Reaktionsprodukte sind Gemische aus mehreren Verbindungen. Zwe davon, die Kryolithphase K2+2TiOxF6-x und TiO sind stets enthalten. K2Ti(O2)F4 · H2O bildet bei 130°C unter H2O-Abspaltung K2Ti(O2)F4; bei 230°C wird die Peroxogruppe zersetzt, wobei als Hauptprodukt K2TiOF4 entsteht. Dessen Röntgenreflexe lassen sich tetragonal indizieren (a = 769,7(1), c = 1153,9(2) pm). Im IR-Spektrum tritt eine starke Bande bei 810 cm-1 auf, die auf—Ti—O—Ti—O-Ketten in der Struktur hinweist.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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