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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical equilibrium in simple fluids: Solvent density dependence of the dimerization equilibrium of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane in argon and xenon (1992)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 96 (1992), S. 3824-3829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the dimerization equilibrium of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP) at 60 and 35 °C in argon and xenon up to densities about twice the critical density of the solvent. With an increase in the solvent density, the dimerization equilibrium constant at 60 °C decreases in the low-density region, whereas it increases in the high-density region. The inversion of the density dependence occurs around ρr(approximately-equal-to)0.8 in argon and ∼1.4 in xenon, where ρr means the density reduced by the critical density of the solvent fluid. The equilibrium constant in xenon at 35 °C increases with increasing solvent density in the low-density region (ρr〈∼0.5), while it decreases in the medium-density region (0.5〈ρr〈1.5). The equilibrium constant in argon at 35 °C has a similar density dependence to that at 60 °C. The internal energy change for the dimerization shows a large density dependence in the low-density region of xenon, while it changes little with density in argon. The theoretical calculation by the Percus–Yevick (PY) approximation for a simple reaction model gives a poor result for the density dependence of the equilibrium constant, although the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is reproduced qualitatively. The calculation for a more realistic model including the molecular anisotropy of MNP suggests that the density dependence at the low-density limit is sensitive to the interaction model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.461887
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical equilibrium in fluids from the gaseous to liquid states: Solvent density dependence of the dimerization equilibrium of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane in carbon dioxide, chlorotrifluoromethane, and trifluoromethane (1992)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 96 (1992), S. 3085-3091 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the dimerization equilibrium of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane in carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorotrifluoromethane (CClF3), and trifluoromethane (CHF3) at 60 °C from the gaseous to liquid states. The dimerization equilibrium constants are not monotone functions of the solvent density in all solvent fluids. The density dependence of the equilibrium constant shows two inversions: The equilibrium constants in CO2 and CHF3 increase with increasing solvent density up to ρr(approximately-equal-to)0.3, where ρr is the reduced density by the critical density of solvent, whereas the equilibrium constant in CClF3 shows little dependence on the solvent density in this density region. From ρr(approximately-equal-to)0.3 to about 1.4, the equilibrium constants decrease with increasing solvent density. In the higher-density region, the equilibrium constants increase again. We measured the equilibrium constants in CClF3 and CHF3 at 35 °C, and obtain the density dependence of the equilibrium constant which is almost the same as that at 60 °C. The effects of the temperature and the solvent species on the equilibrium constant are larger in the low-density region than in the high-density region. The differences between the low- and high-density regions suggest that the energetic factor is dominant in the low-density region, and that the packing effect is dominant in the high-density region. The experimental results are qualitatively reproduced by a simple reaction model where two spherical molecules dimerize in a fluid composed of spherical molecules, although the reaction model overestimates the equilibrium constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.461953
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium of acetylacetone in trifluoromethane near the critical temperature (1991)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 94 (1991), S. 5243-5244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The keto-enol tautomeric equilibrium of acetylacetone in trifluoromethane were studied at 300±0.5 K (1 K above the critical temperature) from 130 kg m−3 to 800 kg m−3 by using FT–NMR. No anomalous behavior near the critical point has been found within the experimental error. The equilibrium constant decreases rapidly in the low density region (〈200 kg m−3) and the decreasing rate reduces with increasing the density of solvent. The density dependence is interpreted by the hydrogen bonding between trifluoromethane and acetylacetone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.460531
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental test of the radial force balance equation in the compact helical system (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experimental test of the radial force balance equation was done in the Compact Helical System Heliotron/Torsatron [S. Okamura et al. Nucl. Fusion 39, 1337 (1999)]. A radial electric field is measured with a heavy ion beam probe, while plasma rotation and drift velocity of fully ionized carbon are measured with charge exchange spectroscopy. The two measurements agree with each other to within 10% of the radial electric field in a wide range of electron densities of 0.3–2.0×1019 m−3. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1331097
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron cyclotron resonance heating near the turning point in inhomogeneous magnetic field (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 3318-3323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cyclotron resonance heating of electrons in a magnetic beach is studied by rigorous numerical analysis of the electron trajectories. It is confirmed that a heating response function [Y. Kiwamoto et al., Phys. Plasmas 1 834 (1994)] connecting the velocity distributions in both sides of the resonance layer can be applied over a wider range of electron velocities than originally expected. For electrons mirror-reflected close to the resonance layer, however, the electron velocity distribution after heating substantially deviates from the prediction of the response function. The deviation is quantitatively evaluated to obtain a criterion of applicability of the response function. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871600
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Yushmanov-trapped electrons to a thermal dike (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1603-1611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A substantial amount of Yushmanov-trapped electrons are generated as a result of electron cyclotron resonance heating employed for generating a thermal dike in an open magnetic field configuration. The production rate and the energy spectrum of the trapped electrons are calculated by using a heating response function. The calculated energy spectrum of the end-loss electrons driven from the Yushmanov-trapped region indicates a reduction in power efficiency of the thermal dike. The potential profile modified by the Yushmanov-trapped particles tends to reduce their production rate, leading to a stationary state. Their significance to a thermal dike basic experiment in the end region of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror [Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1992 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1993), Vol. 2, p. 651] is discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872019
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron cyclotron resonance heating by strong monochromatic wave in nonuniform magnetic field (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994), S. 834-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Numerical studies are made on dynamics of electrons under electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) by a strong monochromatic wave in a nonuniform magnetic field. The response of the electrons is described in terms of gains in energy and magnetic moment. These expressions are employed to define a response function which connects the velocity distributions of electrons before and after heating in a wide range of conditions. The response function is applied to calculate the velocity distribution of cold electrons which stream up the magnetic slope and are heated at the resonance. This configuration simulates a possible scheme for controlling an inward flux of cold electrons in diverter regions of tori and in mirror ends by mirror reflection enhanced by ECRH. The velocity distribution shows wing-like structures which are not expected from diffusion equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870742
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of secondary electrons from an endplate of a tandem mirror by use of a biased mesh (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 352-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Negative bias is applied to a mesh placed in front of an endplate of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror [Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 939 (1985)]. A bias voltage of around 10 V results in an increase of the potential difference by an order of kV in the end region. The increment is about two times the temperature of end-loss electrons and most of that stems from the sheath potential drop in front of the endplate. Provided that almost all the secondary electrons emitted from endplate are reflected, these results agree with the prediction of a potential model for the open magnetic field configuration [J. Phys Soc. Jpn. 61, 3153 (1992)]. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871439
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study of the bifurcation nature of the electrostatic potential of a toroidal helical plasma (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 4152-4183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The bifurcation nature of the electrostatic structure is studied in the toroidal helical plasma of the Compact Helical System (CHS) [K. Matsuoka et al., Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Nice, 1988 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 2, p. 411]. Observation of bifurcation-related phenomena is introduced, such as characteristic patterns of discrete potential profiles, and various patterns of self-sustained oscillations termed electric pulsation. Some patterns of the electrostatic structure are found to be quite important for fusion application owing to their association with transport barrier formation. It is confirmed, as is shown in several tokamak experiments, that the thermal transport barrier is linked with electrostatic structure through the radial electric field shear that can reduce the fluctuation resulting in anomalous transport. This article describes in detail spatio-temporal evolution during self-sustained oscillation, together with correlation between the radial electric field and other plasma parameters. An experimental survey to find dependence of the temporal and spatial patterns on plasma parameters is performed in order to understand systematically the bifurcation property of the toroidal helical plasma. The experimental results are compared with the neoclassical bifurcation property that is believed to explain the observed bifurcation property of the CHS plasmas. The present results show that the electrostatic property plays an essential role in the structural formation of toroidal helical plasmas, and demonstrate that toroidal plasma is an open system with a strong nonlinearity to provide a new attractive problem to be studied. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1290483
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inward turbulent particle transport in a helical plasma heated by neutral beam injection (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 4035-4041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In neutral-beam-injection (NBI) heated plasmas of the Compact Helical System (CHS) heliotron/torsatron [K. Matsuoka et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1988 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 2, p. 441], inward turbulent particle flux is observed at a particular radial location near the plasma edge. The observed reversal of the particle flux is connected to the change in the cross-phase between electron density and poloidal electric field fluctuations. This phenomenon is observed in the parameter regime of low collisionality at the electron temperature Te〉15 eV, electron density ne〈3×1018 m−3, which approximately corresponds to the effective collision frequency normalized by the transit frequency of a circulating particle ν*(approximately-less-than)1. The large inward particle flux ((approximately-greater-than)1×1020 m−2 s−1) correlates with the positive shear of the radial electric field Er′ ((approximately-greater-than)1×106 V m−2), but does not have clear correlation with the radial electric field Er and the curvature Er″. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1387267
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