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  • 2000-2004  (1)
  • 1980-1984  (7)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 39 (1983), S. 90-98 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 297 (1982), S. 162-164 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Crystals of barnase have the space group P32 and the hexagonal unit cell dimensions: a = b = 59.0 A, c = 81.6 A. There are three molecules in the asymmetric unit. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.5 A spacing on a Hilger and Watts automatic 4-circle diffractometer using the native enzyme ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 1137-1147 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An ab initio method is described for solving protein structures for which atomic resolution (better than 1.2 Å) data are available. The problem is divided into two stages. Firstly, a substructure composed of a small percentage (∼5%) of the scattering matter of the unit cell is positioned. This is used to generate a starting set of phases that are slightly better than random. Secondly, the full structure is developed from this phase set. The substructure can be a constellation of atoms that scatter anomalously, such as metal or S atoms. Alternatively, a structural fragment such as an idealized α-helix or a motif from some distantly related protein can be orientated and sometimes positioned by an extensive molecular-replacement search, checking the correlation coefficient between observed and calculated structure factors for the highest normalized structure-factor amplitudes |E|. The top solutions are further ranked on the correlation coefficient for all E values. The phases generated from such fragments are improved using Patterson superposition maps and Sayre-equation refinement carried out with fast Fourier transforms. Phase refinement is completed using a novel density-modification process referred to as dynamic density modification (DDM). The method is illustrated by the solution of a number of known proteins. It has proved fast and very effective, able in these tests to solve proteins of up to 5000 atoms. The resulting electron-density maps show the major part of the structures at atomic resolution and can readily be interpreted by automated procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 37 (1981), S. 407-413 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It has been found that the crystallization of oxyhaemoglobin from polyethylene glycol solutions [Grabowski et al. (1978). Biochem. J. 171, 277-279] yields at least three different forms of isomorphous crystals (P21212, a = 96.66, b = 97.88, c = 65.40 Å). 3.5 Å resolution data have been collected for two of the three identified forms. The orientations and positions of the αβ haemoglobin dimers within the asymmetric units of these crystals have been established by the molecular replacement method with computing techniques different from those used by Ward, Wishner, Lattman & Love [J. Mol. Biol. (1975), 98, 161-171] in their studies of human deoxyhaemoglobin crystals obtained from polyethylene glycol solutions. The calculations have been performed also with diffraction data from deoxyhaemoglobin and fluoromethaemoglobin + inositol hexaphosphate crystallized from polyethylene glycol by Fermi & Perutz [J. Mol. Biol. (1977), 144, 421-431]. In all cases, the individual dimers have been positioned independently and it is shown that, in the methods using a fast rotation function, three- and multidimensional residual-type translation functions may be directly applied to the structure determination of those complex structures in which the structure of only one of the two subunits present in the asymmetric unit is known. It is also shown that in all crystals studied the haemoglobin dimers are arranged in the \cal Y conformation, which seems to exclude the possibility of the full oxygenation of haemoglobin crystallized from polyethylene glycol solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 36 (1980), S. 559-572 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the proteolytic enzyme, actinidin, has been refined by fast Fourier least-squares methods [Agarwal (1978), Acta Cryst. A34, 791-809]. Atomic positions were refined independently by the least-squares program, with the whole protein structure being regularized at intervals. After an initial refinement phase with an overall temperature factor, B, only, individual isotropic B values for all atoms were also refined. Overall, the crystallographic R factor was reduced from 0.429 (for 14 800 reflections to 2.0 Å resolution) to 0.171 (for all 23 990 reflections between 10 and 1.7 Å resolution), with a final estimated accuracy in atomic positions of 〈0.1 Å. The final model comprises 1657 protein atoms, constrained close to standard geometry, and 163 solvent molecules, the latter identified using somewhat selective criteria. Most of the structure refined automatically with an average shift of 0.45 Å for main-chain atoms and 0.56 Å for side-chain atoms (maximum shift about 1.5 Å). Some larger shifts resulted from manual intervention. Groups of atoms with high B values, or which were not refining well, were removed at intervals for scrutiny in difference maps, and major corrections were made to the conformations of 16 side chains and two peptide units. One correction to the amino-acid sequence was made (Asp 86 → Glx 86) and disordered conformations were introduced for five side chains. The whole refinement was completed in three months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 38 (1982), S. 3028-3032 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Non-pancreatic human insulins ; pancreatic human insulin ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary X-ray studies on semi-synthetic human insulin have shown that it crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R3 and is nearly isomorphous with 2 Zn pig insulin. Precession photographs of crystals of human and pig insulins show observable changes in the intensity patterns. Crystallographic analysis and refinement of semi-synthetic human insulin at 1.9 Å resolution have shown that its molecular structure is very like that of pig insulin except at the C-terminus of the B chain where the change in sequence occurs. We also report the results of a high resolution crystallographic study of human insulins from different origins. The X-ray diffraction patterns of three non-pancreatic human insulins are indistinguishable from each other and from pancreatic human insulin. Refinement of the structures of the non-pancreatic human insulins has shown that they are identical within the limits of experimental error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 22 (1983), S. 281-291 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper discusses the hypothesis that insulin undergoes a conformational change either before or during its binding to the receptor. The evidence for this is not conclusive but allows us to reconcile the following observations: (1) no chemical modification or deletion of invariant surface residues has abolished the hormone's activity - only reduced its potency. (2) Reduction in potency follows many modifications to different side chains, both variant and invariant. (3) There are insulins with perfectly preserved structure (by the criteria of aggregation, spectroscopy, and x-ray analysis) that have markedly reduced potency. (4) Insulins with disturbed structure still exhibit real, sometimes substantial activity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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