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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Non-pancreatic human insulins ; pancreatic human insulin ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary X-ray studies on semi-synthetic human insulin have shown that it crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R3 and is nearly isomorphous with 2 Zn pig insulin. Precession photographs of crystals of human and pig insulins show observable changes in the intensity patterns. Crystallographic analysis and refinement of semi-synthetic human insulin at 1.9 Å resolution have shown that its molecular structure is very like that of pig insulin except at the C-terminus of the B chain where the change in sequence occurs. We also report the results of a high resolution crystallographic study of human insulins from different origins. The X-ray diffraction patterns of three non-pancreatic human insulins are indistinguishable from each other and from pancreatic human insulin. Refinement of the structures of the non-pancreatic human insulins has shown that they are identical within the limits of experimental error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 1137-1147 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An ab initio method is described for solving protein structures for which atomic resolution (better than 1.2 Å) data are available. The problem is divided into two stages. Firstly, a substructure composed of a small percentage (∼5%) of the scattering matter of the unit cell is positioned. This is used to generate a starting set of phases that are slightly better than random. Secondly, the full structure is developed from this phase set. The substructure can be a constellation of atoms that scatter anomalously, such as metal or S atoms. Alternatively, a structural fragment such as an idealized α-helix or a motif from some distantly related protein can be orientated and sometimes positioned by an extensive molecular-replacement search, checking the correlation coefficient between observed and calculated structure factors for the highest normalized structure-factor amplitudes |E|. The top solutions are further ranked on the correlation coefficient for all E values. The phases generated from such fragments are improved using Patterson superposition maps and Sayre-equation refinement carried out with fast Fourier transforms. Phase refinement is completed using a novel density-modification process referred to as dynamic density modification (DDM). The method is illustrated by the solution of a number of known proteins. It has proved fast and very effective, able in these tests to solve proteins of up to 5000 atoms. The resulting electron-density maps show the major part of the structures at atomic resolution and can readily be interpreted by automated procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of cytochrome c′ from two bacterial species, Alcaligenes sp and Alcaligenes denitrificans, have been determined from X-ray diffraction data to 3.0 Å resolution using the anomalous scattering of the single Fe atom in each to identify and refine a weak molecular-replacement solution. Molecular-replacement studies, with the program AMORE, used two isomorphous data sets (from the two species), two independent search models (the cytochromes c′ from Rhodospirillum molischianum and Rhodospirillum rubrum), both with and without side chains, and two different resolution ranges (10.0–4.0 and 15.0–3.5Å) to generate a large number of potential solutions. No single solution stood out and none appeared consistently. The Fe-atom position in each structure was then determined from its anomalous-scattering contribution and all molecular- replacement solutions were discarded which did not (i) place the Fe atom correctly and (ii) orient the molecule such that a crystallographic twofold axis generated a dimer like those of the two search models. Finally, electron-density maps phased solely by the Fe-atom anomalous scattering were calculated. As these were combined and subjected to solvent flattening and histogram matching (with the program SQUASH), correlation with the remaining molecular-replacement solutions identified one as correct and enabled it to be improved and subjected to preliminary refinement. The correctness of the solution is confirmed by parallel isomorphous-replacement studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 32 (1976), S. 311-315 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The formal refinement methods of least-squares adjustment or difference-map analysis give atomic positions in protein structures with standard deviations which are large compared with the standard deviations of accepted molecular dimensions. This paper describes a method of adjusting the Cartesian coordinates to obtain a properly weighted fit to both the positions from the refinement and the molecular parameters. The equations which have to be solved have many unknowns but few coefficients, and an effective iterative method can be used. The results of applications of the method to insulin are summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 37 (1981), S. 407-413 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It has been found that the crystallization of oxyhaemoglobin from polyethylene glycol solutions [Grabowski et al. (1978). Biochem. J. 171, 277-279] yields at least three different forms of isomorphous crystals (P21212, a = 96.66, b = 97.88, c = 65.40 Å). 3.5 Å resolution data have been collected for two of the three identified forms. The orientations and positions of the αβ haemoglobin dimers within the asymmetric units of these crystals have been established by the molecular replacement method with computing techniques different from those used by Ward, Wishner, Lattman & Love [J. Mol. Biol. (1975), 98, 161-171] in their studies of human deoxyhaemoglobin crystals obtained from polyethylene glycol solutions. The calculations have been performed also with diffraction data from deoxyhaemoglobin and fluoromethaemoglobin + inositol hexaphosphate crystallized from polyethylene glycol by Fermi & Perutz [J. Mol. Biol. (1977), 144, 421-431]. In all cases, the individual dimers have been positioned independently and it is shown that, in the methods using a fast rotation function, three- and multidimensional residual-type translation functions may be directly applied to the structure determination of those complex structures in which the structure of only one of the two subunits present in the asymmetric unit is known. It is also shown that in all crystals studied the haemoglobin dimers are arranged in the \cal Y conformation, which seems to exclude the possibility of the full oxygenation of haemoglobin crystallized from polyethylene glycol solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 41 (1985), S. 3-17 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new mathematical description of phase relationships which connects different approaches, both in reciprocal and direct space, is formulated. It leads to the development of a novel algorithm for phase extension and refinement based on a probability function for atomic presence. This function, calculated from the elements of the Karle-Hauptman inverse matrix, is used in an iterative procedure. Various tests have been performed on an idealized set of calculated structure factors for an insulin model structure. The method has been applied to experimental data, Fobs, and the isomorphous phases for 2Zn insulin. An assessment of the quality of the phase refinement and calculation has been made by comparison with the crystallographically refined phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 36 (1980), S. 559-572 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the proteolytic enzyme, actinidin, has been refined by fast Fourier least-squares methods [Agarwal (1978), Acta Cryst. A34, 791-809]. Atomic positions were refined independently by the least-squares program, with the whole protein structure being regularized at intervals. After an initial refinement phase with an overall temperature factor, B, only, individual isotropic B values for all atoms were also refined. Overall, the crystallographic R factor was reduced from 0.429 (for 14 800 reflections to 2.0 Å resolution) to 0.171 (for all 23 990 reflections between 10 and 1.7 Å resolution), with a final estimated accuracy in atomic positions of 〈0.1 Å. The final model comprises 1657 protein atoms, constrained close to standard geometry, and 163 solvent molecules, the latter identified using somewhat selective criteria. Most of the structure refined automatically with an average shift of 0.45 Å for main-chain atoms and 0.56 Å for side-chain atoms (maximum shift about 1.5 Å). Some larger shifts resulted from manual intervention. Groups of atoms with high B values, or which were not refining well, were removed at intervals for scrutiny in difference maps, and major corrections were made to the conformations of 16 side chains and two peptide units. One correction to the amino-acid sequence was made (Asp 86 → Glx 86) and disordered conformations were introduced for five side chains. The whole refinement was completed in three months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: OppA is a 58.8 kDa bacterial transport protein involved in the transport of peptides across the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It binds peptides from two to five residues in length but with little sequence specificity. OppA from Salmonella typhimurium has been cloned and expressed in E. coli and the protein cocrystallized with uranyl acetate, producing two distinct crystal forms with different uranium sites. Multiple-wavelength data collected about the uranium LIII edge have been collected at the Daresbury Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) to a nominal resolution limit of 2.3 Å. Maximum-likelihood phasing methods have been used in phase determination from the multiple-wavelength data giving a readily interpretable electron-density map, without any density modification. The electron-density map, calculated at 2.3 Å resolution shows OppA to be a bilobal, principally β-stranded, three-domain protein. The tri-lysine ligand molecule can be clearly seen in the peptide-binding site between the two lobes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 53 (1997), S. 240-255 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper reviews the mathematical basis of maximum likelihood. The likelihood function for macromolecular structures is extended to include prior phase information and experimental standard uncertainties. The assumption that different parts of a structure might have different errors is considered. A method for estimating σA using `free' reflections is described and its effects analysed. The derived equations have been implemented in the program REFMAC. This has been tested on several proteins at different stages of refinement (bacterial α-amylase, cytochrome c′, cross-linked insulin and oligopeptide binding protein). The results derived using the maximum-likelihood residual are consistently better than those obtained from least-squares refinement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 47 (1991), S. 240-253 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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