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  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1975-1979  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of advanced nursing 2 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2648
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: On political consciousness in nurses The argument presented in this paper centres around the proposition that all nurses need to develop their critical abilities in the understanding and analysis of the socio-economic and political background to the services of which they are a part as a potentially powerful group of health care workers.The topics under examination in this paper, The Welfare State, Social Thought and Social Planning and Politics of Health Care, are used as examples to demonstrate the kind of critical understanding which nurses need to acquire in order to deal with some of the fundamental assumptions that influence their work either directly or indirectly.From the argument follows the conclusion that it is an illusion, and possibly a dangerous one, if nurses continue to believe in the unpolitical nature of nursing as a professional activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the molecular characterization and the detailed study of the recombinant maltooligosyl trehalose synthase mechanism from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The mts gene encoding a maltooligosyl trehalose synthase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli using the T7-expression system. The purified recombinant enzyme exhibited optimum activity at 75°C and pH 5 with citrate–phosphate buffer and retained 60% of residual activity after 72 h of incubation at 80°C. The recombinant enzyme was active on maltooligosaccharides such as maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose and maltoheptaose. Investigation of the enzyme action on maltooligosaccharides has brought much insight into the reaction mechanism. Results obtained from thin-layer chromatography suggested a possible mechanism of action for maltooligosyl trehalose synthase: the enzyme, after converting the α-1,4-glucosidic linkage to an α-1,1-glucosidic linkage at the reducing end of maltooligosaccharide glc(n) is able to release glucose and maltooligosaccharide glc(n−1) residues. And then, the intramolecular transglycosylation and the hydrolytic reaction continue, with the maltooligosaccharide glc(n−1) until the initial maltooligosaccharide is reduced to maltose. An hypothetical mechanism of maltooligosyl trehalose synthase acting on maltooligosaccharide is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Onkologe 6 (2000), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1433-0415
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Das Mammakarzinom als häufigste Krebserkrankung der Frau weist in Abfolge verschiedener Modalitäten der Primärtherapie (wie auch einer Rezidivtherapie) umfangreiche Krankheits- und Therapiefolgen somatischer, psychoonkologischer, beruflicher und sozialer Natur auf. Abhängig von der jeweiligen Rehabilitationsbedürftigkeit und -fähigkeit sind umfangreiche spezialisierte Betreuungsprogramme notwendig, die mit den früheren “Festigungskuren” nichts mehr gemein haben. Vorauszugehen hat hierzu eine rehabilitationsspezifische Diagnostik, die Grundlage klarer und realistischer Zielsetzungen ist. Die wesentlichen Therapieziele liegen dabei im funktionellen, sozialmedizinischen und edukativen Bereich. Krankheitsbezogenen, frauenspezifischen Fragestellungen kommt hierbei die Hauptbedeutung zu. Für die Evaluation der Struktur-, Therapieprozeß- und Ergebnis-Qualität sind in den letzten Jahren grundlegende Schritte unternommen worden. Die umfangreichen Erfahrungen und Forschungsergebnisse aus stationären Rehabilitations-Programmen sollten für die Entwicklung zusätzlicher ambulanter Versorungsstrukturen genutzt werden. “ Rehabilitation vor Rente” wie auch generell die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität sind wertvolle Globalziele, die in Kostenträgerschaft und Verantwortungsbereich von Renten- und Krankenversicherungen liegen und gesundheitspolitisch nicht geopfert werden sollten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Key Words Spinal cord compression ; Autoradiography ; Blood flow ; ATP ; Glucose ; Lactate ; Bioluminescence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many data are available concerning spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and metabolism on various models and timing after spinal cord injury, however, detailed information on their exact relationship in the same injury model is lacking. This relationship is a crucial factor in the understanding of the pathophysiology of spinal cord trauma. Rats were subjected to lumbar laminectomy or lumbar spinal cord compression trauma. 3 hours later, changes in SCBF were evaluated autoradiographically and changes in ATP, glucose and lactate levels were analyzed using substrate-specific bioluminescence techniques. Measurements were performed at the lesion site (segment L4), adjacent segments (L3 and L5) and at remote thoracic segments (Th8 to Th9). Laminectomy alone did not change SCBF, both in thoracic and lumbar segments. In contrast, ATP levels were significantly reduced and lactate levels were increased at the lesion site and in adjacent lumbar segments at 3 hours after laminectomy, whereas glucose levels were not significantly changed. In animal subjected to additional compression trauma, SCBF was significantly reduced in segments L3, L4 and L5 paralleled by a significant ATP reduction and lactate increase. Glucose levels did not differ significantly from controls 3 hours after compression injury. This metabolic profile was also reflected in the remote thoracic segments. In contrast, SCBF was not reduced in thoracic segments of traumatized animals. The observation that ATP was already significantly reduced and lactate increased in laminectomized segments and in remote thoracic regions after trauma signals that metabolic changes are sensitive indicators to spinal stress. The fact that posttraumatic metabolic profile differs from the pattern of hemodynamic and metabolic changes induced by ischemia, suggests posttraumatic mediators may be involved in the different regulation of the energy producing machinery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Azlocillin (BAY e 6905) was developed in the pharmaceutical research laboratories of Bayer AG. Azlocillin is a well tolerated, semi-synthetic penicillin from a new group of acylureidopenicillins. It is intended for parenteral use. Chemically, and from the antibacterial effect it represents a significant further development of the classic penicillin. During longterm treatment it was well tolerated. A 3-week intravenous study as well as a 6-month intraperitoneal study on rats using doses up to 800/mg/day and a 13-week intravenous study on dogs using up to 800 mg/kg/day did not cause organic changes. Local tolerance at the site of injection during those studies was very good. Extensive tolerance studies on healthy adult volunteers and patients confirmed those animal toxicological data. Solutions up to 20% had a weaker haemolytic effect than physiological saline solution. Gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria are within the antibacterial spectrum. Particularly noticeable ist the outstanding effect of azlocillin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. A 75% inhibition occurs at concentrations of about 15µg/ml. Thus, in vitro, azlocillin is 4–8 times more effective than carbenicillin. Because of this low inhibitory value Pseudomonas bacteria, resistant to carbenicillin, can also be included in the therapeutic range. Low in-vitro inhibitory values were also determined against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus (indole positive and indole negative), Serratia, Haemophilus influenzae and Bacteroides fragilis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to inhibit 65–75% of the strains is for E. coli 10–20µg/ml and for Klebsiella 50–100µg/ml Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris are much more sensitive. More than 90% of these strains are inhibited by 8 or 32µg/ml respectively. The sensitivity of Serratia which is markedly dependent on theβ-lactamase formation is lower than that of the above mentioned species. Enterobacteria species are noticeably less sensitive than P. aeruginosa, E. coli or Proteus. The sensitivity is approximately the same as for carbenicillin. Of the gram-positive bacteria, staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci are killed. The ampicillin-like effect on enterococci should be emphasised. Compared with carbenicillin azlocillin is markedley more effective against Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Haemophilus and enterococci. Although azlocillin is broken-down byβ-lactamases it is, in some cases, more stable than ampicillin. Like other penicillins azlocillin is bactericidal; however its lysating capacity is lower than that of ampicillin. In vitro, Pseudomonas bacteria form filaments under the influence of azlocillin. These filaments are not found in active human serum. In studies on infections in mice azlocillin was effective against e. g. Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris and staphylococci. Practically no azlocillin is absorbed after oral administration. After parenteral administration, mice and humans eliminate approx. 60% of the unchanged substance via the kidneys. The serum kinetics for mice and humans (half life after intravenous administration approximately 60 minutes) is the same as that of carbenicillin. High concentrations of azlocillin are found in the bile of animals. No metabolites were determined which were active against gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Azlocillin (BAY e 6905) ist in den pharmazeutischen Forschungslaboratorien der Bayer AG entwickelt worden. Es ist ein parenteral anwendbares, gut verträgliches, halbsynthetisches Penicillin aus der neuartigen Gruppe der ringförmigen Acylureidopenicilline. Chemisch und von der antibakteriellen Wirkung her stellt es eine wesentliche Weiterentwicklung des Ampicillin dar. Auch bei länger dauernder Verabreichung ist die Verträglichkeit gut. Bei Ratten führten die dreiwöchigen intravenösen sowie die sechsmonatigen intraperitonealen Applikationen bis zu 800 mg/kg/Tag und bei Hunden die dreizehnwöchigen intravenösen Verabreichungen bis zu 800 mg/kg/Tag nicht zu systemischen Organveränderungen. Die lokale Verträglichkeit an den Injektionsstellen war in diesen Versuchen sehr gut. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Verträglichkeit an gesunden erwachsenen Probanden und Patienten bestätigten die tiertoxikologischen Daten. Bis zu 20%ige Lösungen hatten eine geringere hämolytische Wirkung als physiologische Kochsalzlösung. Im antibakteriellen Wirkungsspektrum liegen gramnegative und grampositive Bakteriengattungen. Besonders auffällig ist die hervorragende Wirkung gegen Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Stämme, von denen bei niedrigen Konzentrationen um 15µg/ml etwa 75% gehemmt werden; es ist damit in vitro 5–8-fach wirksamer als Carbenicillin. Durch diese niedrigen Hemmwerte kommen auch gegen Carbenicillin resistente Pseudomonas-Bakterien in den Therapiebereich. Gegen Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus (indolpositiv und indolnegativ), Serratia, Haemophilus influenzae und Bacteroides fragilis werden ebenfalls niedrige in vitro-Hemmwerte gemessen. Die minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen (MHK) zur Hemmung von 65–75% der Stämme liegen für E. coli bei 10–20µg/ml, für Klebsiella bei 50–100 µg/ml. Viel empfindlicher sind Proteus mirabilis und Proteus vulgaris, bei denen schon 8 bzw. 32µg/ml über 90% der Stämme hemmen. Die Gattung Serratia ist, stark abhängig von derβ-Lactamasebildung, deutlich weniger empfindlich als die oben erwähnten Gattungen. Auch Enterobacter-Stämme sind, im Vergleich zu P. aeruginosa, E. coli oder Proteus, wenig empfindlich, etwa wie gegen Carbenicillin. Bei den grampositiven Bakterien werden u. a. Staphylokokken, Streptokokken und Pneumokokken abgetötet. Die Ampicillin-ähnliche Aktivität gegen Enterokokken ist hervorzuheben. Im Vergleich zu Carbenicillin ist Azlocillin deutlich wirksamer gegen Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Haemophilus und Enterokokken. Obwohl Azlocillin vonβ-Lactamasen abgebaut wird, kann es dennoch stabiler als z. B. Ampicillin sein. Azlocillin ist wie die bekannten Penicilline bakterizid, wirkt jedoch nicht so stark lysierend wie Ampicillin. Pseudomonas-Bakterien bilden in vitro unter Azlocillin-Einwirkung Filamente, die aber in aktivem Humanserum nicht gefunden wurden. In Infektionsversuchen mit Mäusen ist Azlocillin z. B. gegen Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, P. vulgaris und Staphylokokken wirksam. Nach oraler Gabe wird Azlocillin kaum resorbiert; nach parenteraler Applikation werden bei der Maus und auch beim Menschen etwa 60% der Substanz unverändert über die Niere ausgeschieden. Die Serumkinetik ist bei Maus und Mensch (Halbwertzeit nach intravenöser Gabe etwa 60 Min.) der des Carbenicillin ähnlich. In der Galle von Versuchstieren wird Azlocillin in hohen Konzentrationen gefunden. Gegen gramnegative oder grampositive Bakterien aktive Metaboliten sind nicht nachgewiesen worden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Azlocillin is a new parenteral acylureidopenicillin which is particularly effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gramnegative bacteria, and also against enterococci and Bacteroides fragilis. Azlocillin is well tolerated. Azlocillin thus provides an additional means of treatment due to the fact that it is well-tolerated, and shows in comparison to carbenicillin a four to eight fold increase in activity against P. aeruginosa.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Azlocillin (Securopen®) ist ein neues parenterales Acylureidopenicillin mit besonders guter Wirkung gegen Pseudomonas aeruginosa und andere gramnegative Bakterien. Im Wirkungsspektrum liegen auch Enterokokken und Bacteroides fragilis. Azlocillin ist sehr gut verträglich. Die gute Verträglichkeit ergibt zusammen mit der im Vergleich zu Carbenicillin vier- bis achtfach besseren Wirkung gegen P. aeruginosa einen erweiterten Therapiebereich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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