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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing patterns of histological subgroups during therapy of Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukaemia (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: AimsBone marrow histopathology reveals a striking heterogeneity at diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph1+) chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). Based on semiquantitative evaluations of the number of megakaryocytes and the content of fibres, various histological subtypes have been postulated. However, little information exists on whether these groups represent stable categories of the different classification systems and whether therapeutic regimes exert any influence on the putative shift of histological patterns.Methods and resultsA retrospective clinicopathological study was performed on 396 bone marrow biopsies derived from 173 patients. There were at least two representative trephines taken at diagnosis and at median intervals of 16 months. Processing of the specimens involved immunostaining with CD61 (megakaryopoiesis) and Ret40f (erythropoiesis) and Gomori's silver impregnation technique. Based on morphometric analysis and in accordance with the general appearance of bone marrow histology three different histological subtypes were distinguished. These consisted of a granulocytic (51 patients), a predominantly megakaryocytic (73 patients) and a myelofibrotic pattern (49 patients). Follow-up biopsies revealed that a significant transition of histological groups occurred and that, independently of treatment modalities, the myelofibrotic category was associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Of the 124 patients without myelofibrosis at onset, 42% later transformed into the myelofibrotic subtype. However, these patients showed no prevalence of either a pre-existing granulocytic or megakaryocytic growth. Myelofibrotic changes were significantly associated with interferon (IFN) and busulfan (BU) therapy. On the other hand, a transition of a myelofibrotic into a nonfibrotic subtype was detectable in 17 of the 49 patients under study and related to hydroxyurea (HU) treatment.ConclusionsHistological classification systems of bone marrow features in CML do not represent stable patterns, but may be significantly altered by therapy, in particular IFN and HU.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00993.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macrophages and their subpopulations following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia (2000)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 437 (2000), S. 160-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Macrophages ; Pseudo-Gaucher cells ; Chronic myeloid leukaemia ; Bone marrow transplantation ; Bone marrow biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A morphometric and immunohistochemical study was performed on 354 bone marrow trephine biopsies derived from 126 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) before and after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the macrophage population, including several subsets and their dynamics in the posttransplant period. In addition to the total CD68+ resident (mature) macrophages the so-called activated fraction identified by its capacity to express α-d-galactosyl residues, the pseudo-Gaucher cells (PGCs) and the iron-laden histiocytic reticular cells were also considered. Following immuno- and lectin-histochemical staining morphometric analysis was carried out on sequential postgraft bone marrow specimens at standardized intervals. Compared to the normal bone marrow and calculated per haematopoiesis (cellularity) an overall decrease of about 40–50% in the quantity of CD68+ macrophages and the BSA-I+ subpopulation was detectable in the early posttransplant period (9–45 days after BMT). Noteworthy was the temporal recurrence of PGCs in the engrafted bone marrow, which was not associated with a clonally transformed cell population or leukaemic relapse. Reappearance of postgraft PGCs was most prominent in the first 2 months after BMT. This conspicuous feature was presumed to be functionally associated with a pronounced degradation of cell debris following pretransplant myelo-ablative therapy (scavenger macrophages). Evidence for an activation of the BSA-I+ macrophage subset was derived from the identical carbohydrate-binding capacity shown by the PGCs. In the regenerating haematopoiesis shortly after BMT a significant correlation between the number of BSA-I+ macrophages and erythroid precursor cells was determinable. This result implicates a close functional relationship between postgraft reconstitution of erythropoietic islets and centrally localized activated macrophages. In conclusion, findings emerging from this study included the reappearance of PCGs in the engrafted bone marrow independently of a leukaemic relapse and the significant association of the activated BSA-I+ macrophage subset with the recovery of erythropoiesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280000224
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die fermentcytochemische Erkennung normaler und neoplastischer Erythropoesezellen in Schnitt und Ausstrich (1967)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 15 (1967), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Reifere Erythropoesezellen enthalten charakteristischerweise perinukleär α-Naphthylacetat-Esterase und jüngere paranukleär saure Phosphatase. Diese Eigenschaften können zur Diagnostik von neoplastischen Erkrankungen der Erythropoese herangezogen werden. Dies wird an Hand von drei einschlägigen Beobachtungen dargelegt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01632381
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermenthistochemische Untersuchungen des Lymphknotens (1965)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 338 (1965), S. 285-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00957651
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of blood monocytes and macrophages (1967)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 16 (1967), S. 86-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Blutmonozyten sind Myeloidzellen. 2. Blutmonozyten entstehen im Knochenmark aus Promyelozyten. 3. Die Transformation von RES-Zellen in Blutmonozyten wurde bis heute nicht nachgewiesen und scheint nicht richtig zu sein. 4. Eine der wichtigsten Funktionen der Blutmonozyten ist ihre Fähigkeit, Makrophagen zu bilden, nachdem sie aus den Blutgefäßen gewandert sind. 5. Es liegt kein schlüssiger Nachweis für die Existenz echter Histiozyten vor. Die Möglichkeit bleibt aber bestehen, daß einige solcher Zellen existieren. Sicherlich ist ihre Bedeutung nur gering. 6. Vile dieser Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß im Organismus ein Makrophagensystem bestcht, in dem die Blutmonozyten eine vorwiegende und zentrale Rolle spielen. Der Pfeil weist offensichtlich nicht vom RES zu den Zellen von Blut und Knochenmark: das Umgekehrte scheint richtig zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. The blood monocyte is a myeloid cell. 2. Blood monocytes originate in the bone marrow from promyelocytes. 3. The transformation of RES cells to blood monocytes hitherto has remained unproven and does not seem to be correct. 4. One of the most important functions of the blood monocytes is their macrophage-forming capacity after migration from the blood vessels. 5. There is no conclusive evidence for the existence of true histiocytes. However, the possibility remains that some such cells exist. Certainly their importance is negligible. 6. Many of these results indicate, that there is a macrophage system in the organism, in which the blood monocyte plays a primary and central part. The arrow obviously does not point from the RES to the blood and bone marrow cells: the reverse seems to be true.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01632883
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur wirkung von aluminiumchlorid-aerosol auf die reaktionen der alveolarmakrophagen nach quarzbestaubung (1965)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 21 (1965), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es sollte festgestellt werden, ob gelöstes AlCl3 als Aerosol nach kurzzeitiger Bestaubung die Reaktionen der Alveolarmakrophagen beeinflußt. Wir haben daher die freie Zellmenge, die Phagocytosehöhe, die Milchsäurebildung, den O2-Verbrauch und bei einigen Versuchen auch die cytofermentchemischen Reaktionen der gewonnenen Alveolarzellen gegenüber der Quarzbestaubung ohne nachfolgende Inhalation untersucht. Dabei stellten wir Pest, daß AlCl3-Aerosol Stoffwechselveränderungen — gemessen an der Milchsäuremenge und dem O2-Verbrauch — verursachte. Gleichzeitig wird durch das Aerosol eine wesentliche Zellvermehrung der ablösbaren Alveolarmakrophagen hervorgerufen bei prozentual gleicher Phagocytose. Es ist zu vermuten, daß hierdurch der Reinigungs mechanismus der Alveolarbereiche verbessert wird, da Langzeitversuche gezeigt haben, daß in Lungen von mit Quarz-Kohlegemisch bestaubten Tieren weniger Staub gefunden wird, wenn nach der Bestaubung ein AlCl3-Aerosol gegeben wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712332
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentcytochemische Untersuchungen zur Herkunft des Blutmonocyten (1966)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 44 (1966), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Enzyme histochemical studies (non-specific esterases and naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase) have been performed on human bone marrow smears in order to find out the origin of the normal blood monocyte. It could be demonstrated that the monocyte is a myeloid cell which develops from the promyelocyte. During the course of differentiation there appear transitional forms between promyelocytes and monocytes which show mitotic activity. These transitional forms can be indentified by means of enzyme cytochemical methods. It is not possible to distinguish them for certain from promyelocytes in ordinary stained preparations. The differentiation of promyelocytes to blood monocytes is accompanied by an almost complete loss of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity which is a very typical enzyme of the neutrophilic cell strain. Simultaneously the activity of nonspecific esterases strongly increases in the ripening monocytes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An menschlichen Sternalpunktaten wurden fermentcytochemische Untersuchungen durchgeführt (unspezifische Esterasen und Napthol-AS-D-Chloracetat-Esterase), um der Abkunft des normalen Blutmonocyten nachzugehen. Es ergab sich, daß der Monocyt eine myeloische Zelle ist. Er entwickelt sich aus Promyelocyten über eine teilungsfähige Zwischenstufe, die sich fermentcytochemisch, nicht aber cytologisch sicher von Promyelocyten unterscheiden läßt. Mit der Ausreifung des Promyelocyten zum Monocyten verstärkt sich die unspezifische Esteraseaktivität beträchtlich, und die für neutrophile myeloische Zellen typische Naphthol-AS-D-Chloracetat-Esteraseaktivität schwindet fast vollständig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01747174
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen zur Abkunft der Entzündungsmakrophagen von Blutmonocyten am Beispiel der akuten Appendicitis (1967)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 45 (1967), S. 721-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 33 acutely inflamed appendices and 11 normal controls have been studied histologically and histochemically (alpha-naphtol acetate esterase activity) with respect to the origin of exudate macrophages and their relationship to blood monocytes. In acute appendicitis there was a significant increase in the number of intravascular accumulated blood monocytes. In addition, migration pictures of monocytes and striking morphologic and histochemical similarities or even correspondences between blood monocytes and many inflammatory macrophages could be observed. These findings, in connection with the results of many others on the same subject, allow the conclusion that inflammatory exudate macrophages develop almost exclusively from migrated blood monocytes. No evidence for the origin of macrophages from local cells or lymphocytes could be found. The peritoneal macrophages also seem to represent migrated and transformed blood monocytes. Mesothelial cells probably are not able to change to macrophages.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 33 Fälle von akuter Appendicitis und 11 Kontrollfälle wurden histologisch und mit HIlfe der α-Naphthylacetat-Esterase-Reaktion im Hinblick auf die Entstehung der Entzündungsmakrophagen und ihre cytogenetischen Beziehungen zu den Blutmonocyten untersucht. Bei akuter Appendicitis konnte eine statistisch hochsignifikante Vermehrung der intravasalen Monocyten gefunden werden. Dieser Befund, zusammen mit den Emigrationsbildern von Monocyten und deren große Ähnlichkeit oder Übereinstimmung mit vielen Makrophagen der akuten Entzündung, läßt unter Berücksichtigung der einschlägigen Literatur den Schluß zu, daß die Entzündungsmakrophagen durch Emigration von Blutmonocyten entstehen. Hinweise auf eine lokale oder lymphocytogene Makrophagenentstehung wurden nicht gefunden. Auch die Peritonealmakrophagen scheinen emigrierte Blutmonocyten darzustellen. Die Mesothelzellen können sich offenbar nicht zu Makrophagen umwandeln.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01746096
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über das cytologische und fermentcytochemische Verhalten der Hautfenstermakrophagen bei Langzeitversuchen (1965)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 43 (1965), S. 684-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The behaviour of exudate macrophages was studied during a period of nine days by means of theRebuck skin window technique in twenty healthy human volunteers. It was observed that the migrated blood monocytes which appear as exudate macrophages on the skin window preparations form epithelioid cells and giant cells of Langhans or foreign body type. This differentiation is accompanied by a strong increase of both acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase activity and by a marked enlargement of the nucleoli. The giant cells are formed by amitotic division of the macrophage nuclei. These findings are discussed with respect to the role of the blood monocyte as source of exudate macrophages, epithelioid cells and reactive giant cells.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Hautfenstertechnik nachRebuck wurden an 20 freiwilligen Versuchspersonen bis zu 9 Tage dauernde Langzeitversuche durchgeführt. Dabei wurde mit cytologischen und fermentcytochemischen Methoden besonders das Verhalten der als „Hautfenstermakrophagen“ auftretenden emigrierten Blutmonocyten untersucht. Unter erheblicher Vermehrung der Aktivität von saurer Phosphatase und unspezifischer Esterase sowie unter Vergrößerung der Nucleolen bilden sich diese Zellen in Epitheloidzellen und durch amitotische Kernteilung in Riesenzellen vom Langhans- bzw. Fremdkörper-Typ um. Die Befunde werden unter Berücksichtigung der Literatur und im Hinblick auf die mögliche Bedeutung des Blutmonocyten als Bildungselement von Makrophagen, Epitheloidzellen und reaktiven Riesenzellen besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01728708
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermenthistochemische Befunde bei chronischer Erythroblastose und akuter Erythrämie (1965)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 43 (1965), S. 795-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Neoplastic erythropoietic cells show stronger activities of non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase respectively than do normal ones. There is a typical arrangement of the activities: Non-specific esterase is locatedperinuclear, whereas acid phosphatase is restricted to a smallparanuclear zone. These enzyme histochemical characteristics are suitable for the identification of infiltrates of neoplastic erythropoietic cells in tissue sections.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neoplastische Erythropoesezellen können fermenthistochemisch identifiziert werden. Sie zeichnen sich sowohl durch eine verstärkte Aktivität von unspezifischer Esterase als auch von saurer Phosphatase aus. Die erhöhte Esteraseaktivität findet sich besonders bei reifen Erythropoesezellen, während der vermehrte Gehalt an saurer Phosphatase eher unreifen Vorstufen („Proerythroblasten“, „Paraerythroblasten“) zugeordnet ist. Besonders charakteristisch aber ist die cytotopographische Verteilung der Fermentaktivitäten: Wie die normalen, so enthalten auch neoplastische Erythropoesezellenperinucleär unspezifische Esterase,paranucleär saure Phosphatase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01720470
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