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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of lidocaine and NMDA injections into the medial pontobulbar reticular formation on mastication evoked by cortical stimulation in anaesthetized rabbits (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 17 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neurons of the dorsal nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (nPontc) fire rhythmically during fictive mastication, while neurons of the ventral half tend to fire tonically (Westberg et al., 2001). This paper describes the changes in the pattern of rhythmical mastication elicited by stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex during inhibition or excitation of neurons in this nucleus and adjacent parts of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc) in the anaesthetized rabbit. Masticatory movements and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and digastric muscles produced by cortical stimulation were recorded before, during and after injections of a local anaesthetic (lidocaine) or excitatory amino acid N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) into nPontc and Rgc through a microsyringe with attached microelectrode to record neuronal activity. Lidocaine inhibited local neurons and modified the motor program, and the effects varied with the site of injection. Most injections into the ventral half of nPontc increased cycle duration, digastric burst duration and burst area. The action of lidocaine in dorsal nPontc was more variable, although burst duration and area were often decreased. The effects on the muscle activity were always bilateral. Lidocaine block of the rostromedial part of Rgc had no effect on movements or on EMGs. Injections of NMDA excited local neurons and when injected into ventral nPontc, it completely blocked mastication. Dorsal injections either had no effect or increased cycle frequency, while decreasing burst duration and area. No increases in EMG burst duration or area were observed with NMDA. Our findings suggest that neurons of ventral nPontc tonically inhibit other parts of the central pattern generator during mastication, while dorsal neurons have mixed effects. We incorporated these findings into a new model of the masticatory central pattern generator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02670.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discharge patterns of neurons in the medial pontobulbar reticular formation during fictive mastication in the rabbit (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 14 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study, we describe functional characteristics of neurons forming networks generating oral ingestive motor behaviours. Neurons in medial reticular nuclei on the right side of the brainstem between the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei were recorded in anaesthetized and paralysed rabbits during two types of masticatory-like motor patterns induced by electrical stimulation of the left (contralateral) or right (ipsilateral) cortical masticatory areas. Sixty-seven neurons in nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (nPontc), nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (nParv), and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc) were studied. These were classified as phasic or tonic depending on their firing pattern during the fictive jaw movement cycle. Phasic neurons located in the dorsal part of nPontc were active during the jaw opening phase, whilst those in dorsal nParv tended to fire during the closing phase. In most neurons, burst duration and firing frequency changed between the two motor patterns, but there was little change in phase of firing. Tonic units were mainly recorded in the ventral half of nPontc, and at the junction between Rgc and caudal nParv. Cortical inputs with short latency from the contralateral masticatory area were more frequent in phasic (82%) than tonic (44%) neurons, whilst inputs from the ipsilateral cortex were equal in the two subgroups (57% and 56%). Phasic neurons had significantly shorter mean contralateral than ipsilateral cortical latencies, whilst there was no difference among tonic neurons. Intra- and perioral primary afferent inputs activated both types of neurons at oligo-synaptic latencies. Our results show that subpopulations of neurons in medial reticular nuclei extending from the caudal part of the trigeminal motor nucleus to the rostral third of the hypoglossal motor nucleus are active during the fictive masticatory motor behaviour. Unlike masticatory neurons in the lateral tegmentum, the medial subpopulations are spatially organized according to discharge pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01782.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pseudotumour in von Willebrand disease (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Haemophilia 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2516
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pseudotumour is a rare complication of haemophilia; it has previously been reported in patients with moderate or severe haemophilia and rarely in mild disease. We report a case of a proximal pseudotumour occurring in a 36-year-old patient with mild von Willebrand disease (vWD) who made a good recovery with conservative management. Surgery has been advocated as the optimal treatment for proximal pseudotumours due to the risk of continued bleeding and progression. However, in mild haemophilia or vWD, where the risk of spontaneous bleeds is low, conservative management may be an appropriate alternative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2516.2001.00552.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candida albicans Als1p: an adhesin that is a downstream effector of the EFG1 filamentation pathway (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 44 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Filamentation and adherence to host cells are critical virulence factors of Candida albicans. Multiple filamentation regulatory pathways have been discovered in C. albicans using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. In S. cerevisiae, these pathways converge on Flo11p, which functions as a downstream effector of filamentation and also mediates cell–cell adherence (flocculation). In C. albicans, such effector(s) have not yet been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the cell surface protein Als1p is an effector of filamentation in C. albicans. We show that Als1p expression is controlled by the transcription factor Efg1p, which is known to be a key regulator of filamentation in C. albicans. Further, disruption of ALS1 inhibited filamentation, and autonomous expression of Als1p restored filamentation in an efg1 homozygous null mutant. Thus, Als1p functions as a downstream effector of the EFG1 filamentation pathway. In addition, we found that Als1p mediates both flocculation and adherence of C. albicans to endothelial cells in vitro. As a cell surface glycoprotein that mediates filamentation and adherence, Als1p has both structural and functional similarity to S. cerevisiae Flo11p. Consistent with our in vitro results, Als1p was required for both normal filamentation and virulence in the mouse model of haematogenously disseminated candidiasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02873.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding market entry timing decisions: the practitioner-academic gap (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 20 (2002), S. 70-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Notes that much is known in the academic literature about factors that may be influential in firms' market entry timing decisions. Specifically, in response to a competitors' pioneering new product introduction, academic research finds many conditions that suggest a greater desirability of immediate market entry while many other conditions suggest a greater desirability of a delayed response. Reports the results of a survey and experiment where working managers and experienced MBA students were asked to evaluate the timing of market entry given a complex business scenario. The results show areas where there is a consensus among decision makers with the academic literature, as well as areas where views differ from that of the literature. Perverts and discusses insights gained into the decision making processes of managers for market entry timing decisions. The study can help managers in follower firms achieve greater success in formulating market entry timing strategies by reducing ambiguity in the timing implications of many internal and external conditions, as well as by drawing attention to potential action biases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500210418482
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benchmarking competitive responses to pioneering new product introductions (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 7 (2000), S. 324-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Given that the majority of firms are followers of pioneering firms into new, related product markets, managers of almost all firms can benefit from benchmarking their competitive responses to pioneering new product introductions. This paper examines the competitive responses of firms not only in terms of the time until their responding new product introduction, but also in terms of the firms' preceding stages of competitive response: awareness, interest, and evaluation. For example, how long does - and should - it take a follower firm to become aware of a pioneering new product introduction? A general conceptual framework and basic methodology is proposed for firms to evaluate and benchmark their competitive responses. Follower firm responses to pioneering new low-fat food product introductions in North America are examined and illustrate the opportunity for benchmarking firms' competitive responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770010359883
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First experience of topical SDZ ASM 981 in children with atopic dermatitis (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 144 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background SDZ ASM 981 is a selective inhibitor of inflammatory cytokine release under development for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis. Objectives This first paediatric study was designed to measure the systemic exposure to SDZ ASM 981 in young children with atopic dermatitis treated on extensive skin areas. Methods Children 1–4 years of age referred to a tertiary care centre for their atopic dermatitis were treated twice daily for 3 weeks with 1% SDZ ASM 981 cream. SDZ ASM 981 blood concentrations were measured on day 4 and 22 (last day) of treatment, and 1 week after the last application, using a radioimmunoassay with a limit of quantification of 0·5 ng mL−1. Efficacy was assessed by the Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI). Results The 10 patients included had 23–69% of their body surface area (BSA) affected at baseline. Of the 63 SDZ ASM 981 blood concentrations measured, 63% were 〈 0·5 ng mL−1; the maximum value observed was 1·8 ng mL−1. No accumulation was evidenced between days 4 and 22. The first two patients experienced a flare of atopic dermatitis that was not controlled by the study medication. In the other patients, the EASI improved by 8–89% at 3 weeks of treatment. Conclusions In these children 1–4 years of age, blood concentrations of SDZ ASM 981 during topical treatment with the 1% cream were consistently low even in the children with the most extensive areas treated (up to 69% of their BSA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04133.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 9 (2003), S. 1131-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Although naturally occurring smallpox was eliminated through the efforts of the World Health Organization Global Eradication Program, it remains possible that smallpox could be intentionally released. Here we examine the magnitude and duration of antiviral immunity induced by one or more smallpox ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm917
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of HIV latency during thymopoiesis (2001)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 7 (2001), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The use of combination antiretroviral therapy results in a substantial reduction in viremia, a rebound of CD4+ T cells and increased survival for HIV-infected individuals. However, this treatment does not result in the total eradication of HIV. Rather, the virus is thought to remain latent in a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86531
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gastroduodenal tolerability of lumiracoxib vs. placebo and naproxen: a pilot endoscopic study in healthy male subjects (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Lumiracoxib (Prexige®) is a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitor.Aim : To compare the gastroduodenal tolerability of lumiracoxib with placebo and naproxen in a randomized, parallel-group, double-blind study.Methods : Sixty-five healthy male subjects were randomized to receive 8 days' dosing with lumiracoxib 200 mg twice daily (b.d.) (n = 21), placebo (n = 22) or naproxen 500 mg b.d. (n = 22). Endoscopic evaluations of gastric and duodenal mucosae were conducted at baseline and after 8 days' dosing. Serum was assayed for ex-vivo concentrations of thromboxane B2 (TxB2) to determine cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitory activity.Results : Sixty subjects (20 per group) completed the study. No gastroduodenal erosions were observed in subjects receiving lumiracoxib. Thirteen subjects receiving naproxen developed duodenal erosions. At the gastric site, one subject in each of the naproxen and placebo groups had erosions; one subject receiving naproxen also developed a small asymptomatic gastric ulcer. Gastrointestinal adverse events accounted for 42.3% of all adverse events, occurring in 3/21, 4/22 and 6/22 of the lumiracoxib, placebo and naproxen groups, respectively. TxB2 levels were similar for patients receiving placebo or lumiracoxib, but were reduced by 〉 95% in patients receiving naproxen, compared with placebo.Conclusions : Multiple doses of lumiracoxib resulted in gastroduodenal tolerability similar to placebo and superior to naproxen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01691.x
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