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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Biogenic amines and their receptors regulate and modulate many physiological and behavioural processes in animals. In vertebrates, octopamine is only found in trace amounts and its function as a true neurotransmitter is unclear. In protostomes, however, octopamine can act as neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and neurohormone. In the honeybee, octopamine acts as a neuromodulator and is involved in learning and memory formation. The identification of potential octopamine receptors is decisive for an understanding of the cellular pathways involved in mediating the effects of octopamine. Here we report the cloning and functional characterization of the first octopamine receptor from the honeybee, Apis mellifera. The gene was isolated from a brain-specific cDNA library. It encodes a protein most closely related to octopamine receptors from Drosophila melanogaster and Lymnea stagnalis. Signalling properties of the cloned receptor were studied in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of octopamine induced oscillatory increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In contrast to octopamine, tyramine only elicited Ca2+ responses at micromolar concentrations. The gene is abundantly expressed in many somata of the honeybee brain, suggesting that this octopamine receptor is involved in the processing of sensory inputs, antennal motor outputs and higher-order brain functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Classic spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutations in the telomeric copy of SMN1. Its product is involved in various cellular processes, including cytoplasmic assembly of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, pre-mRNA processing and activation of transcription. Spinal muscular ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food processing and preservation 24 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-4549
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three different juice extractor settings were used to obtain juice from Hamlin oranges. Cloud in Soft and Medium extracted juice had nearly identical A660 values. the A660 of the Hard extracted juice was greater than the others. At 30C A660 for both the Soft and Medium juice increased slightly over time while the Hard juice A660 decreased. the cloud in all three raw juices showed a decrease in A660 at 4C. Specific activity of pectinmethylesterase in the raw juices was very similar, but was higher in protein extracts from the Hard juice than from Medium or Soft juices. Addition of protein extracts from each juice, to reconstituted FCOJ, demonstrated that cloud loss in these treatments was dependent on extraction pressure. At 30C PME in the extract from the Soft extracted juice destabilized the cloud most rapidly. Cloud loss also was dependent on the amount of PME activity added.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychopharmakologie ; Suizid ; Schizophrenie ; Risikofaktoren ; Psychopathologie ; Keywords Psychopharmacology ; Suicide ; Schizophrenia ; Risk facotrs ; Psychopathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract For all 5.352 patients treated for schizophrenia at the Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Munich in 1981 and 1992, detailed routine and data processing-assisted documentations were made of the psychopharmacological therapies. Nineteen of the patients committed suicide while undergoing inpatient treatment; the control group consisted of all other patients (n=5.333). More than 77 sociodemographic and anamnestic variables as well as 195 items from the admission summaries were taken into account while comparing the groups. Furthermore, the pharmacological data were classified according to drug groups and comparison was based on the mean frequency of prescription of each group. We analyzed the mean number of prescriptions for neuroleptics, tranquilizers, and antidepressants, which were further differentiated into sedating and nonsedating types. For frequently administered drugs, mean daily doses were also compared. Bivariate analysis of the data suggests that the suicide cases presented depressive signs, symptoms, and tendencies already present on admission more frequently than with controls; the same applies to previously attempted suicides. Discriminating analysis showed that the variables “feeling of loss of feelings,“ thought insertion,”“visible depression,”“free-floating anxiety,”“suicidal tendencies,” and “previously attempted suicide” have the greatest predictive value with respect to suicide, in descending order. No differences in psychopharmacological treatment between suicides and controls were found, apart from a significantly higher percentage of antidepressive treatments and a higher mean number of antidepressant prescriptions for the suicides.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei allen 5.352 im Zeitraum 1981–1992 in der Psychiatrischen Klinik der Universität München stationär aufgenommenen schizophrenen Patienten wurde systematisch sowohl eine Routinedokumentation mit dem AMDP-System als auch eine computergestützte Dokumentation der pharmakologischen Behandlung durchgeführt. 19 dieser Patienten suizidierten sich während des stationären Aufenthaltes, wobei die Kontrollgruppe aus allen übrigen Patienten gebildet wurde (n=5.333). In den Gruppenvergleich gingen alle soziodemographischen und krankheitsanamnestischen Variablen sowie alle Items des AMDP-Aufnahmebefundes ein. Ferner wurden die pharmakologischen Daten nach Medikamentengruppen zusammengefasst und hinsichtlich der Verordnungshäufigkeiten der jeweiligen Pharmakagruppen verglichen. Die bivariate Auswertung zeigte neben häufigeren Suizidversuchen in der Vorgeschichte ein bei den säteren Suizidenten bereits bei Aufnahme häufiger vorliegendes depressiv-suizidales Syndrom, wobei diskriminanzanalytisch in absteigender Reihenfolge die Variablen “Gefühl der Gefühllosigkeit”, “Gedankeneingebung”, “beobachtete Depression”, “frei flottierende Angst”, “Suizidalität” und “Suizidversuch in der Vorgeschichte” die größte prädiktive Kraft in Richtung Suizid entfalteten. Mit Ausnahme einer signifikanten Erhöhung sowohl des prozentualen Anteils der antidepressiv behandelten Patienten als auch der mittleren Anzahl der Antidepressivaverordnungen in der Suizidgruppe fanden sich keine Anhaltspunkte für eine zwischen den beiden Gruppen wesentlich differierende psychopharmakologische Behandlung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0948-5023
    Keywords: Keywords Macrocycle, Schiff base, NMR, chemical exchange, MD, proton template, ROESY, EXSY
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Schiff base condensation of the pentadentate tetrapodal amine 1 with 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol 2 leads in a [3 + 6] condensation to a previously not described macrocycle 3 which shows C 3-symmetry. X-ray analysis shows a truncated cone shape for 3. At T ≥ 100°C, the 1H-ROESY/EXSY spectrum reveals pairwise exchange of corresponding sites, indicative of inversion of the whole molecule in an umbrella-like fashion. Molecular dynamics simulations support this hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Cardiac output – continuous measurement – thermodilution – heart failure – Swan-Ganz catheter – sodium nitroprusside ; Schlüsselwörter Herzzeitvolumen – kontinuierliche Messung – Thermodilution – Herzinsuffizienz – Swan-Ganz-Katheter – Nitroprussid-Natrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten die Korrelation zweier unterschiedlicher Messverfahren zur Bestimmung des Herzzeitvolumens (HZV) bei 12 herzinsuffizienten Patienten (NYHA III–IV) während der Applikation von Nitroprussid-Natrium (NPN). Dabei sollte geprüft werden, ob beide Messverfahren vergleichbar eine Änderung des Herzzeitvolumens erfassen. Mittels eines Swan-Ganz-Katheters (Baxter 746H-8F) wurde das HZV durch die Thermodilution entsprechend dem Bolusverfahren (TDB) sowie kontinuierlich nach der „continuous cardiac output” (CCO)-Methode über ein in den Katheter integriertes thermisches Filament bestimmt. Nitroprussid-Natrium wurde in 4 steigenden Dosierungen intravenös verabreicht. Die Dosissteigerungen erfolgten nach jeweils 60 Minuten. Messungen wurden zu 11 Zeitpunkten durchgeführt (3 unter Basalbedingungen sowie jeweils 2 in 30-minütigen Abständen während jeder NPN-Dosisstufe). Die Korrelationen zu den einzelnen Messzeitpunkten wurden nach dem Spearman-Verfahren berechnet.¶   Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich des HZV (TDB) und HZV (CCO) errechneten sich zu 8 von 11 Messzeitpunkten signifikante Korrelationen (p〈0,05).¶   Schlussfolgerung: Das CCO-Verfahren ermöglicht die schnelle und zuverlässige Bestimmung des HZV auch bei einer medikamentös verursachten schnellen Veränderung der Hämodynamik.
    Notes: Summary We examined the correlation between two different methods to measure cardiac output in 12 patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA III–IV).¶   Using a Swan-Ganz catheter (Baxter 746H-8F) we measured cardiac output according to the thermodilution bolus method and to the continuous thermodilution method, which works automatically by delivering pulses of energy from a thermal filament on the catheter. Sodium nitroprusside was infused in four increasing doses. Every 60 minutes, the dose was increased. We performed measurements at 11 time points (3 at baseline and 8 every 30 minutes during application of sodium nitroprusside). Statistical analysis was calculated according to the Spearman formula.¶   Results: The values for cardiac output by the thermodilution bolus method and the continuous method showed significant correlation at 8 of 11 time points.¶   Conclusion: The continuous method allows fast and reliable measurement of cardiac output while pharmacologically changing hemodynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 382 (1911), S. 62-81 
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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