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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: ball milling ; chlorate electrolysis ; electrocatalysis ; hydrogen evolution ; nanocrystalline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrodes made from nanocrystalline Ti:Ru:Fe (2−y:1+y/2:1+y/2), with y varying from 0 to 1 by step of 0.25, and Ti:Ru:Fe:O (2:1:1:w), with w varying from 0 to 2 by step of 0.5, were prepared and tested as activated cathodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction in typical chlorate electrolysis conditions. These electrodes were subjected to an accelerated aging test, consisting of a succession of cycles of hydrogen discharge (HER) and open-circuit (OCP) conditions. In addition to monitoring the cathodic overpotential value during the aging test, visual inspection and mass loss measurements were performed on the electrodes at the end of the test to assess their stability. In the case of Ti:Ru:Fe (2:1:1), a large increase of the cathodic overpotential value is observed after 20 cycles. Adding O to the formulation causes a remarkable improvement of the long-term stability of the electrodes. As little as [O] = 10 at.% in nanocrystalline Ti:Ru:Fe:O (2:1:1:w) materials is sufficient for the electrode to show absolutely no sign of degradation after 50 cycles of HER/OCP, the longest accelerated test conducted. Adding more O to the formulation of the material does not lead to further stability improvement. A better stability under the conditions of the accelerated aging test can also be observed for nanocrystalline Ti:Ru:Fe (2−y:1+y/2:1+y/2) materials with y 〉 0. In that case however, the level of improvement is dependent on the value of y. The best results are obtained for y = 0.75. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the improved stability obtained by lowering the Ti content and/or by adding O. The similarity and difference between both ways of improving the stability of the nanocrystalline Ti:Ru:Fe materials are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 30 (2000), S. 1061-1067 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: chlorate electrolysis ; high activity ; hydrogen cathodes ; nanocrystalline Ti–Ru–Fe–O catalyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cathodes for chlorate electrolysis were prepared by mixing nanocrystalline Ti–Ru–Fe–O catalyst powder with small amounts of Teflon and subsequent hot pressing on a carbon–Teflon sublayer. Initially, the electrode materials were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD and BET measurements. The behaviour of electrodes with catalyst loadings from 300 mg cm−2 reduced to 10 mg cm−2 was investigated in chlorate electrolyte with pH 6.5 and in part, for comparison, in 1 M sodium hydroxide solution at 70 ∘C. Several methods have been used: cyclic voltammetry for the determination of double layer capacitance, Tafel plot analysis, cathodic potentiodynamic polarization and potentiostatic tests at i = −250 mA cm−2. The as-milled catalyst powder electrodes showed a high activity for the HER in chlorate electrolyte particularly expressed in low overpotentials of about 580 mV at −250 mA cm−2 for catalyst loadings down to 20 mg cm−2 and high double layer capacitances in the freshly prepared state. These electrodes show increased activity at low polarization. The long-term stability during electrolysis was also analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Nerven-Muskel-Transplantation ; Fasertypgruppierungen ; Reinnervation ; Keywords Facial reinnervation ; Nerve-muscle transplantation ; Facial palsy ; Muscle fibre types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract To evaluate occurrences of reinnervation and degeneration, the portio auricularis of the zygomatic muscle was reinnervated (either primary or secondary reinnervation) with an interval of 6 weeks, using a neuromuscular transplant of the sternohyoid muscle, which was left at the ansa hypoglossi. Histological examination was performed 6 and 12 weeks later. Enzymatic stains for myofibrillar ATPase were used for differentiation of muscle fibre types. Histomorphological features of denervation and reinnervation were analysed. Six weeks after denervation and primary neuromuscular transplantation, type grouping in regions close to the transplanted muscle were detectable as signs of reinnervation. After a period of 12 weeks, the progressing reinnervation was proved by type grouping in distal areas of the muscle far from the area of transplantation. At the same time, differentiation of fibre typing in the type grouping areas increased. All denervated and reinnervated muscles had pathological variations of fibre diameter. Primary reinnervated muscles showed tendency of normalization in variation of diameter. Compared with primary reinnervated muscles, secondary reinnervated muscles with an interval of 6 weeks showed pronounced polymorphology of fibres and a high pathological increase of the variation of fibre diameters. The interfascicular space was significantly spread. The tendency of reinnervation with incidence of fibre type grouping was comparable to primary reinnervated muscles and also occurred 6 weeks after transplantation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Beurteilung der Reinnervations- und Degenerationsprozesse der mimischen Muskulatur wurde am Kaninchen die denervierte Portio auricularis des M. zygomaticus sowohl primär als auch sekundär mit einem neuromuskulären Transplantat aus dem M. sternohyoideus mit der innervierenden Ansa hypoglossi reinnerviert und 6 bzw. 12 Wochen danach histologisch untersucht. Anhand der ATPase-Reaktion wurde eine Differenzierung der Muskelfasertypen vorgenommen und histomorphologische Merkmale der Denervation und Reinnervation ausgewertet. 6 Wochen nach Denervation und primärer neuromuskulärer Transplantation waren Fasertypgruppierungen als Reinnervationszeichen in Transplantatnähe nachweisbar. Nach einer Reinnervationsphase von 12 Wochen konnte das Fortschreiten eines Reinnervationsvorgangs anhand von Fasertypgruppierungen in transplantatfernen Muskelarealen nachgewiesen werden. Gleichzeitig stellte sich eine zunehmende Differenzierung der Fasertypen in den Gruppierungen dar. In allen denervierten und reinnervierten Gruppen waren pathologische Kalibervariationen der Muskelfaser nachweisbar. Primär reinnervierte Muskeln zeigten im Laufe einer Reinnervationsphase von 12 Wochen eine Normalisierungstendenz der Kalibervariationen. Sekundär, im Intervall von 6 Wochen nach Denervation transplantierte Muskeln, zeigten im Vergleich zu primär transplantierten Muskeln eine ausgeprägtere Faserpolymorphie mit einer hochgradig pathologisch erhöhten Kalibervariation. Der interfaszikuläre Raum war deutlich verbreitert. Die Reinnervationstendenz mit Nachweis von Fasertypgruppierungen war vergleichbar zu primär transplantierten Muskeln und war ebenfalls bereits 6 Wochen nach Transplantation nachweisbar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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