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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcriptional Regulation of 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase Gene Expression by Cyclic AMP in C6 Cells (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Journal of neurochemistry 75 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: It was recently shown that the two transcripts encoding the isoforms of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNP1 and CNP2) are differentially regulated during the process of oligodendrocyte maturation. In oligodendrocyte precursors, only CNP2 mRNA is present, whereas in differentiating oligodendrocytes, both CNP1 and CNP2 mRNAs are expressed. This pattern of CNP expression is likely due to stage-specific transcriptional regulation of the two CNP promoters during the process of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we report the influence of increased intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels on the transcription of both CNP1 and CNP2 mRNAs in rat C6 glioma cells. We found that the transcription of CNP1 mRNA was significantly increased in comparison with that of CNP2 mRNA in cells treated with cAMP analogues to elevate intracellular cAMP levels. This up-regulation of CNP1 expression (a) is due to an increase of transcription, (b) requires de novo protein synthesis, and (c) requires the activity of protein kinase A. These results are physiologically significant and support the idea that a cAMP-mediated pathway is part of the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of CNP1 in oligodendrocytes. The regulation of CNP1 promoter activity by cAMP was then investigated in stably transfected C6 cell lines containing various deletions of the CNP promoter directing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. We showed that the sequence between nucleotides -126 and -102 was essential for the cAMP-dependent induction of CNP1 expression. Gel retardation analysis showed that two protein-DNA complexes are formed between this sequence and nuclear factors from C6 cells treated or not treated with cAMP. This suggests that the induction of CNP1 mRNA transcription is not mediated by changes in binding of nuclear factors that interact directly with the -126/-102 sequence. Sequence analysis of this region revealed the presence of a putative activator protein-2 (AP-2) binding site. It is interesting that mutagenesis of this region resulted in a significant reduction in transcriptional responses to cAMP, implying a possible role for the AP-2 factor in the expression of CNP1. In addition, we have shown that putative binding sites for activator protein-4 and nuclear factor-1 adjacent to the AP-2 site are required for efficient induction of CNP1 expression by cAMP. Taken together, our results show that the cAMP-dependent accumulation of CNP1 mRNA appears to depend on the synergistic interaction of several regulatory elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0751940.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The functionality of milk powder and its relationship to chocolate mass processing, in particular the effect of milk powder manufacturing and composition on the physical properties of chocolate masses (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of food science & technology 38 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2621
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The functionality of twelve different milk powders that are used for chocolate mass processing was investigated. In two types of spray-dried and one type of roller-dried powder, the milk fat and milk fat fractions were integrated. Depending on the production process, the amount of free fat available in the milk powders varied greatly. A good correlation was found between the free fat content of the milk powder and the viscosity of the chocolate mass when comparable particle sizes were used. This study reports on the development of spray-dried milk powders, which when used in chocolate processing produced low viscosities, comparable with those obtained by using roller-dried milk powder. Calorimetric analysis showed that the shape of the milk powder particles has no influence on the calorimetric qualities of chocolate masses. Only when milk fat was added in a free form, was a higher ‘mixing effect’ in the crystallization peak of cocoa butter and milk fat observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2003.00678.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volumetrie der Harnblase mittels implantierbaren Ultraschallsensoren (2000)
    Springer
    Der Urologe 39 (2000), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Harnblase ; Volumetrie ; Ultraschall ; Key words Urinary bladder ; Volumetry ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experimental studies revealed that the contractile response of the urinary bladder to sacral anterior root stimulation depends on the actual bladder volume. Furthermore, no clinical relevant technique is available for continuous monitoring of the bladder wall distension respectively bladder volume in paraplegic patients. The presented study investigates the reliability of especially developed implantable ultrasound sensors as a sensoric system for continuous monitoring of the bladder volume. In six anaesthesized pigs two ultrasound sensors, one transmitter and one receiver, were implanted on the bladder wall at different locations (latero-lateral, dorsal-ventral, rostral-caudal). After closing the abdominal wall, the bladder was filled in 50 ml steps up to 250 ml. After each filling step the running time of the ultrasound signal was measured. In all experiments reproducible results and a high correlation of the measured running times with bladder volume were observed. The latero-lateral configuration of the sensors seemed to be most confidental. The presented study indicates that bladder volumetry with implantable ultrasound sensors is possible with minimal technical prerequisites. This promising technique for continuous bladder volumetry could play an important role in the development of an intelligent and autoadaptive neurostimulator of the urinary bladder in paraplegic patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Experimentelle Studien haben gezeigt, daß die Kontraktionsantwort der Harnblase auf die sakrale Vorderwurzelstimulation abhängig ist vom Blasenfüllungszustand. Darüberhinaus ist derzeit keine zuverlässige Technik zur kontinuierlichen Registrierung des Blasenvolumens bei paraplegen Patienten verfügbar. Zur Prüfung der Zuverlässigkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit implantierbarer Ultraschallsensoren zur kontinuierlichen Registrierung des Blasenvolumens wurden bei 6 anästhesierten Schweinen 2 Ultraschallsensoren (1 Sender, 1 Empfänger) auf die Blasenaußenwand plaziert (laterolateral, dorsal-ventral, rostral-kaudal). Nach Verschluß der geöffneten Bauchdecke wurde die Harnblase in 50-ml-Schritten bis auf 250 ml gefüllt und nach jeder Füllung die Laufzeit des Ultraschallsignals gemessen. In jedem der durchgeführten Tierexperimente konnten reproduzierbare Signallaufzeiten pro Füllungsvolumen gemessen werden, wodurch der Blasenfüllungszustand mit minimalem technischem Aufwand bestimmt werden konnte. Darüberhinaus erwies sich die laterolaterale Sensorenplazierung als zuverlässig und Artefaktresistent. Diese Studie verdeutlicht, daß mit einfachem technischem Aufwand der aktuelle Blasenfüllungszustand mittels implantierbaren Ultraschallsensoren zu erfassen ist. Die vorgestellte Methode der kontinuierlichen Blasenvolumetrie stellt ein klinisch realisierbares Verfahren dar, das die Entwicklung eines autodaptativen Neurostimulators der Blase ermöglicht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001200050347
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Vasoresektion als Beitrag zur männlichen Kontrazeption (2000)
    Springer
    Reproduktionsmedizin 16 (2000), S. 428-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-808X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Vasoresektion • Männliche Kontrazeption • Nebenwirkungen und Komplikation • Postoperative Kontrollen ; Keywords Vasectomy • Male contraceptive method • Complications and side effects • Post-vasectomy seminal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Millions of couples throughout the world have chosen vasectomy as a method of birth control. Vasectomy is a simple and highly effective male contraceptive method with a low morbidity rate. Just the same, there are still several drawbacks relating to vasectomy, including the side effects associated with surgery and the interval between surgery and the onset of sterility. It is therefore of paramount importance that, preceding surgery, adequate counselling is given by the surgeon on all possible side effects and that signed consent is given by the patient. The patient should definitely be made aware of the irreversibility of the procedure, the slight possibility of failure and the implication that there is a possible association between various cancers of the male reproductive system and vasectomy. A systematic survey of the bibliography has however not revealed any causal association between vasectomy and prostate cancer. It has been clearly demonstrated that men undergoing vasectomy are not at high risk for the development of prostate cancer. Publications to date also continue to support the fact that no association between vasectomy and testicular cancer exists. In addition, any uncertainty shown by the patient on the influence of vasectomy on postoperative sexual activity should also be cleared before surgery. New statistics show that more than 95 % of males responding to surgery were satisfied with the postoperative quality of sexual activity. Our review also presents new statistics on the epidemiology, safety and effectivity, various operative techniques, possible side effects and complications of vasectomy. Finally, the possible connection between vasectomy and tumors has been dealt with and the timing of post-vasectomy seminal analysis has been mentioned.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Vasoresektion ist eine günstige, einfache, komplikationsarme und sehr effektive Methode der operativen Kontrazeption für den Mann. Alle bisher an Männern getesteten Methoden und Pharmaka stehen ihr in allen oben genannten Punkten deutlich nach. Darüber hinaus stellt sie bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt die einzige sichere männliche Kontrazeptionsmethode dar, die jedoch nur als partiell reversibel anzusehen ist. Der Operationserfolg und die Komplikationsrate werden in entscheidendem Maße von der Erfahrung des Operateurs und der atraumatischen Operationstechnik bestimmt. Aufgrund des endgültigen Aspekts der Vasoresektion und der notwendigen postoperativen Compliance des Patienten zum mehrmaligen Nachweis einer Azoospermie, erfordert die präoperative mündliche und schriftliche Aufklärung durch den Operateur besondere Sorgfalt. Neben möglichen Komplikationen und Nebenwirkungen sollten auch die in der Literatur immer wieder mit der Vasoresektion vergesellschafteten Erkrankungen wie Prostata- und Hodenmalignome offen angesprochen werden. Hier können mittlerweile neue große Untersuchungen eindeutig belegen, dass eine solche Assoziation wissenschaftlich nicht haltbar ist. Ebenfalls können bei dieser Gelegenheit mögliche irrationale Ängste der Patienten bezüglich einer negativen Veränderung des Sexuallebens bzw. eines möglichen Libido- und Potenzverlustes ausgeräumt werden. Die postoperativen Spermiogrammkontrollen sollten eine 3-malige Azoospermie bestätigen, erst ab diesem Zeitpunkt kann ein ungeschützter Geschlechtsverkehr erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004440000225
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