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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 186-193 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Arrhythmias – catheter ablation – complications ; Schlüsselwörter Herzrhythmusstörungen – Katheterablation – Komplikationen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation hat sich als kuratives Behandlungsverfahren bei vielen Formen supraventrikulärer und atrioventrikulärer Tachykardien sowie einigen Formen ventrikulärer Tachykardien als Therapie der ersten Wahl etabliert. Die Erfolgsquoten der Ablationsbehandlung sind bei vielen Formen von Tachykardien beeindruckend hoch. Hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit und dem Schweregrad verfahrensbedingter Komplikationen bestehen neben den allgemeinen, durch die invasive Kathetertechnik bedingten Risiken (z.B. Blutungs- und Gefäßkomplikationen, Röntgenstrahlenexposition) auch spezielle, an die Form der zu behandelnden Rhythmusstörungen gebundene Risiken (z.B. AV-Blockierungen bei Modulation des AV-Knotens). Für die mittels Katheterablation behandelten Patienten kann ein durch die Röntgenstrahlenexposition bedingtes geringgradig, aber meßbar erhöhtes Risiko hinsichtlich dem späteren Auftreten einer malignen Erkrankung oder hereditärer Schädigungen berechnet werden. Das Risiko der malignen Erkrankung liegt bei etwa 1‰ pro Stunde Röntgenstrahlenexposition, das Risiko hereditärer Schädigungen bei etwa 10 pro 1.000.000 Geburten pro Stunde Röntgenstrahlenexposition. Für den behandelnden Arzt sind bei Einsatz der etablierten Schutzvorrichtungen keine wesentlichen Risiken zu erwarten. Die Komplikationshäufigkeit der Katheterablation supraventrikulärer und atrioventrikulärer Tachykardien liegt unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse größerer Einzelstudien sowie multizentrischer Untersuchungen bei etwa 3–5%. Mit dem Auftreten schwerwiegender Komplikationen muß in etwa 1–2% der Fälle gerechnet werden. Bei der Behandlung von Patienten mit Kammertachykardien besteht ein größeres Komplikationspotential von etwa 5–7%, schwerwiegende Komplikationen treten bei etwa 3–4% dieser Patienten auf. Das im Vergleich zu den supraventrikulären Tachykardien erhöhte Komplikationsrisiko ist wahrscheinlich auf die Tatsache zurückzuführen, daß bei Patienten mit Kammertachykardien in der Regel eine schwere kardiovaskuläre Erkrankung besteht.
    Notes: Summary Radiofrequency catheter ablation has established itself as a first line therapy for the curative treatment of many patients with spuraventricular or atrioventricular tachycardias and also for selected types of ventricular tachycardia. The success rates of catheter ablation of various types of cardiac arrhythmias are impressively high. Procedure related complications can be attributed to the invasive nature of the technique (e.g., bleeding or other vascular complications, radiation exposure) but may also occur as a specific complication related to the type of intervention performed (e.g., complete AV-block following attempted modification of the AV-node). In patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation procedures, radiation exposure carries a small but measurable risk of malignancy and hereditary disorders. The risk of fatal malignancy has been calculated to be approximately 1‰ per hour of fluoroscopy and the risk of significant hereditary disorders approximately 10 per 1 million live births per hour fluoroscopy time. However, it is important to realize that these risks are age and sex dependent being higher in young and/or female patients. For the physician performing catheter ablation procedures no significant risks related to fluoroscopy exposure may be expected as long as all established tools for protection are used. Based on the results of large single center studies and multicenter investigations, complications during or after radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular or atrioventricular arrhythmias may occur in 4–5% of cases. Severe complications (life threatening or permanently disabling complications) may occur in approximately 1–2% of patients treated. In patients undergoing ablation of ventricular tachycardia, a higher incidence of total procedure related complications between 5–7% and severe complications (3–4%) may be expected. The higher incidence of complications in patients with ventricular tachycardia when compared to catheter ablation of supraventricular or atrioventricular tachycardia may be explained by the fact that many patients with ventricular tachycardia suffer from severe cardiovascular disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 11 (2000), S. II63 
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Key words Atrial fibrillation – radiofrequency ablation – catheter ablation – reentry – focal atrial fibrillation – intraoperative ablation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental and clinical mapping studies have indicated that the initiation of atrial fibrillation has to be differentiated from the perpetuation. Curative treatment of atrial fibrillation is one of the main challenges of today's electrophysiology, and the trigger as well as the substrate have recently been targeted. The arrhythmogenic foci which have been identified as being critical for the initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation have been found in the vast majority of patients in the area of the proximal pulmonary veins. In a subset of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, these firing foci may be the only electrophysiologic abnormality. In other patients, different atrial arrhythmia types may be driven by pulmonary vein foci. Haissaguerre et al. have introduced mapping strategies to identify active foci within the pulmonary veins. The success rate of percutaneous pulmonary vein focus ablation strongly depends on the number of active foci. In contrast to elimination of the initiating triggers in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, modification of the maintaining substrate of atrial fibrillation is the alternative target for ablation in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or in patients with prolonged episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Different linear lesion line concepts within the right and/or left atrium have been followed within the last few years with moderate success rates. The lesion geometries that have been applied percutaneously so far seem to be empirical, and no successful lesion geometry concept for percutaneous application has been validated. A surgical curative treatment concept for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation is the maze procedure introduced by Cox et.al. which, however, is an extensive and time consuming surgical technique. Within the last few years, several attempts have been made to develop alternative surgical treatment strategies that should be safe, effective, and easy to apply. One of the promising new concepts is the intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation by elemination of anatomically determined so-called anchor reentrant circuits involving the pulmonary vein orifices and the mitral annulus. In this review, data on percutaneous ablation of pulmonary vein foci, percutaneous placement of linear right and/or left atrial lesion lines and, finally, intraoperative radiofrequency (RF) ablation using minimally invasive techniques are summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 128-135 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Arrhythmias – accessory atrioventricular pathways – radiofrequency catheter ablation – WPW syndrome ; Schlüsselwörter Herzrhythmusstörungen – akzessorische Leitungsbahnen – Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation – WPW-Syndrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation hat sich als kuratives Therapieverfahren der ersten Wahl bei symptomatischen Patienten mit akzessorischen atrioventrikulären Leitungsbahnen durchgesetzt. Bei linksgelegenen akzessorischen Leitungsbahnen können retrograd über die Aortenklappe die ventrikuläre Insertion oder auch bei retrograder Passage der Mitralklappe die atriale Insertion der Leitungsbahn abladiert werden, bei rechtsgelegenen und septalen Bahnen wird in der Regel vom rechten Vorhof aus die atriale Insertion abladiert. Atrioventrikuläre akzessorische Bahnen jeglicher Lokalisation können heute mit einer Erfolgsquote von mehr als 90–95% erfolgreich abladiert werden. Schwerwiegende Komplikationen treten bei etwa 2–3% der Patienten auf. Die Rezidivrate im Langzeitverlauf liegt bei etwa 5–10%. Häufig treten Rezidive innerhalb der ersten 3 Monate nach primär erfolgreicher Ablation auf, späte Rezidive sind ausgesprochen selten. Aufgrund der guten Ergebnisse der Hochfrequenzstrom-Katheterablation bei vertretbar geringer Häufigkeit schwerwiegender Komplikationen kann die Ablation allen symptomatischen Patienten mit akzessorischen atrioventrikulären Leitungsbahnen empfohlen werden.
    Notes: Summary Radiofrequency catheter ablation has established as the first line therapy for the curative treatment of patients with accessory pathways. For left-sided accessory pathways, the retrograde approach over the aortic valve is commonly used for ablation of the ventricular insertion. For right-sided and septal accessory pathways, the atrial insertion is usually approached from the right atrium. Atrioventricular accessory pathways irrespective of the exact localization can be successfully ablated in more than 90–95% of all cases. Severe complications associated with the ablation procedure are rare and occur in approximately 2–3% of patients treated. The recurrence rate after successful ablation is approximately 5–10%. Recurrences of accessory pathway conduction occur almost exclusively within the first 3 months following successful ablation whereas late recurrences are rare. Becuase of the favorable efficacy – risk profile, radiofrequency catheter ablation can be recommended as the first line therapy to all symptomatic patients with accessory atrioventricular pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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