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Notes: Maintaining the quality of aerial photographic products with time requires a simultaneous retention of both image and dimensional characteristics. These factors are prerequisites for maintaining aesthetic value and ensuring no distortion of information occurs. It is, however, the recent experience of archivists that many negatives and prints are suffering irreversible deterioration. Degradation is typified by image fading, the presence of surface crystalline deposits which obscure any image and significant dimensional distortion. This paper relates those factors which influence stability, principally temperature, relative humidity and oxygen, and correlates them to structural changes in the materials. In addition an overview is given of methods of monitoring and of inhibiting breakdown. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Pour maintenir la qualité des produits photographiques aériens dans le temps, il faut satisfaire auxproblèmes de conservation à la fois de ľimage et de ses qualités dimensionnelles. Ce sont des préalables nécessaires au maintien de la qualité esthétique du document et àľabsence de distorsion dans ses données. C'est que ľexpérience récente des archivistes a montré que nombre de négatifs et de tirages subissaient actuellement des détériorations irréversibles. Ces détériorations sont caractérisees par ľaffaiblissement de ľimage, ľapparition de dépôts cristallins en surface qui obscurcissent ľimage et ľexistence de variations dimensionelles importantes. On examine dans cet article les facteurs qui pertubent cette conservation, essentiellement la température, ľhumidité relative et ľoxydation et on les corrèle avec les changements structured des matériaux. On donne de plus un aperçu des méthodes permettant de suivre et de freiner ces altérations. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Gewährleisten der Qualität von Luftbilderzeugnissen in Abhängigkeit der Zeit erfordert die gleichzeitige Bewahrung sowohl der Bild- als auch der Dimensionscharakteristika. Diese Faktoren sind die Voraussetzungen zur Erhaltung des ästhetischen Wertes und gewährleisten, daβ keine Verzerrung der Informationen auftritt. Es ist jedoch neuste Erfahrung von Archivaren, daβ viele Negative und Kopien irreversible Wertminderungen erleiden. Das wird sichtbar durch das Verblassen von Bildern, das Auftreten von kristallinen Ablagerungen aufder Oberfläche, die Bilddetails verdecken und durch signifikante Dimensionsänderungen. Der Betrag bezieht sich auf solche Faktoren, die die Stabilitat beeinflussen, vor allem Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte und Sauerstoff und korreliert diese mit strukturellen Veranderungen des Materials. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über Verfahren zur Materialbeobachtung und der Verminderung von dessen Verderb gegeben.

Notes: The odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 are central to most of the gas-phase chemical transformations that occur in the atmosphere. Of particular interest is the role that these species play in controlling the concentration of stratospheric ozone. This paper describes an instrument that measures both of these species at volume mixing ratios below one part in 1014 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The hydroxyl radical (OH) is measured by laser induced fluorescence at 309 nm. Tunable UV light is used to pump OH to the first electronic state (A˜ 2Σ+(v'=1) ← X˜2Π3/2 (v‘=0)) near 282 nm. The laser light is produced by a high-repetition rate pulsed dye-laser powered with all solid-state pump lasers. HO2 is measured as OH after gas-phase titration with nitric oxide. Measurements aboard a NASA ER-2 aircraft demonstrate the capability of this instrument to perform reliably with very high signal-to-noise ratios ((approximately-greater-than)30) achieved in short integration times (〈 20 sec).

Notes: Eighty children, ASA grade I, who had outpatient general anaesthesia for tooth extraction were studied. An inhalational induction was performed, with patients receiving halothane, niirous oxide and either 33% or 50% oxygen. Oxygen saturation was measured throughout the procedure using the Ohmeda Biox 3700 pulse oximeter. No Significant difference in the incidence of hypoxaemia was found between the two groups. There was no association between the grade of surgeon or anaesthetist and the incidence of hypoxaemia.

Notes: A 44-year-old Pakistani woman presented with a unilateral eruption of 2 months’ duration. She was in her usual state of health when she awoke one morning with an acute blistering eruption in the right axilla. At that time she also began to experience “rough spots” on the buccal mucosa. Approximately 4 days later, lesions, including small blisters, appeared at multiple other sites, all in a right-sided distribution. The patient had an 8-year history of hypothyroidism and was treated with levothyroxine.Physical examination revealed a widely distributed and strikingly right-sided eruption. Dark brown macules and patches measuring 0.1–1.2 cm, some of which were confluent, were located in the right axillary area at the site of previous blister formation (〈link href="#f1"〉Fig. 1a). Close inspection revealed that some of these lesions had a glistening and violaceous appearance at their periphery. Discrete, small, flat-topped papules with similar qualities were also present at this location. Lichenoid lesions were evident in multiple other〈figure xml:id="f1"〉1〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD569:IJD_569_f1a"/〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD569:IJD_569_f1b"/〉(a) Hyperpigmented macules and patches in the right axillary region. Some of these lesions had a glistening, violaceous, and raised quality at the periphery (white arrow) suggesting post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to lichen planus. (b) Lichenoid lesions in the intergluteal area and the right buttockright-sided areas, including the submammary area, lower back, intergluteal region, buttock (〈link href="#f1"〉Fig. 1b), inguinal crease, and knee. Similar lesions on the right arm appeared Koebnerized, extending linearly along the lateral aspect of the mid upper arm to the midforearm. Examination of the oral mucosa revealed violaceous patches with a lacy pattern on the buccal mucosa. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable. Routine bloodwork was noncontributory. Hepatitis C antibodies were negative. Thyroid function tests were within the range of normal, as were a chest X-ray examination and routine urinalysis.Punch biopsy of a lower back lichenoid lesion demonstrated a subepidermal bulla with festooning of the dermal papillae (〈link href="#f2"〉Fig. 2a). Other features included orthokeratosis, a sparse superficial dermal infiltrate (composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and eosinophils), and numerous melanophages. A second biopsy from this region was divided for routine histopathology and direct immunofluorescence (DIF). Histopathologic examination was consistent with lichen planus. The features included compact orthokeratosis, hypergranulosis, and irregular, saw-toothed acanthosis. The basal layer exhibited marked vacuolar change and a band-like lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was present in the superficial-most dermis (〈link href="#f2"〉Fig. 2b). DIF revealed a conspicuous and linear deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG), C3, and fibrinogen along the epidermal basement membrane zone. There was no staining with antisera to IgM or IgA. Colloid bodies were not identified. Indirect immunofluorescence studies were negative.〈figure xml:id="f2"〉2〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD569:IJD_569_f2"/〉(a) Biopsy specimen of lichenoid papule on the lower back demonstrated features of bullous pemphigoid. These included subepidermal blister formation and festooning of the dermal papillae (hematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, ×50). A sparse dermal chronic inflammatory infiltrate was also present.(b) Second biopsy specimen of a lichenoid lesion from the lower back demonstrated features of lichen planus, including basal layer vacuolarization and a band-like lymphohistiocytic infiltrate (hematoxylin and eosin; original magnification, ×100)Correlating the clinical, histopathologic and immunopathologic findings, a diagnosis of lichen planus pemphigoides was made. Treatment was initiated with prednisone, 60 mg daily, and tapered over the next 4 weeks as the eruption gradually resolved. Topical clobetasone ointment was prescribed for an additional 2 weeks. There have been no recurrences or new blister formation since that time.

Notes: An 84-year-old Indian woman with no significant past medical history and no known drug allergies had been prescribed clarithromycin (250 mg twice daily) for pneumonia. The patient was receiving no other medications. Ten days after starting treatment, the patient developed a mild fever, eruption, and swelling of the ankles. Several days later, the patient developed a spreading, nonpainful, nonpruritic eruption, joint pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and general malaise. Skin examination revealed numerous palpable purpuric macules and papules and petechiae on the lower extremities, mostly below the knees, and on the right hand. There were large blistering lesions around both ankles, some of which had ulcerated and had a necrotic center (〈link href="#f1"/〉). Blood streaked stool was noted during rectal examination. Laboratory tests showed a normal white blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Serum urea nitrogen was 22 mg/dL (8–18 mg/dL) and creatinine was normal. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria of 0.9 g/24 h (〈0.15 g/24 h) and a microscopic hematuria. Antistreptolysin O, antinuclear antibodies, cryoglobulins, and hepatitis serologies were all negative. Histology of the skin showed leukocytoclastic〈figure xml:id="f1"〉1〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD741:IJD_741_f1"/〉Extensive purpura on the distal legs. Overlying the medial malleolus of the left ankle is a large crusted erosion. An ischemic but intact blister roof is apparent at the peripheryvasculitis of superficial vessels with extravasation of red blood cells (〈link href="#f2"/〉). Direct immunofluorescence revealed immunoglobulin A (IgA) in superficial dermal vessels. Treatment with prednisone (1 mg/kg/day) was started and the arthralgias, hematochezia, and eruption resolved over the next 3 days. Renal function remained impaired, however, and the patient was discharged with a proteinuria of 0.56 g/24 h (〈0.15 g/day) on prednisone and omeprazole.〈figure xml:id="f2"〉2〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD741:IJD_741_f2"/〉Medium power picture showing fibrinoid necrosis of superficial vessels, neutrophilic infiltrate, and karyorrhectic debris (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100)

Notes: A 57-year-old African–American woman with a history of long-standing asthma, hypertension, and congestive heart failure was referred for an intensely pruritic, blistering eruption of 2 months duration. The blistering began 2 weeks after the initiation of captopril for essential hypertension. It was localized predominantly on the thighs and legs, but had recently spread to the upper extremities. Previously, the patient had been treated with albuterol and furosemide. She had been admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute varicella, which was ruled out by a negative Tzanck preparation. Clarithromycin was prescribed upon discharge.Physical examination revealed multiple healed and crusted erosions ranging in size from 1 to 7 cm on the anteromedial aspect of the thighs and legs (〈link href="#f1"〉Fig. 1). Discrete and confluent tense vesicles, some forming arciform or rosette-like patterns, were noted (〈link href="#f2"〉Fig. 2). Multiple hypopigmented macules and patches were seen. On the flexural aspect of the forearms, there were multiple small erosions, some of which appeared excoriated. There were no urticarial lesions, and the oral mucosa and scalp were spared.〈figure xml:id="f1"〉1〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD544:IJD_544_f1"/〉Multiple healed and crusted erosions on the anteromedial aspect of the left thigh. Hypopigmented macules and patches are also evident〈figure xml:id="f2"〉2〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD544:IJD_544_f2"/〉Confluent tense vesicles in an arciform arrangementA biopsy specimen of lesional skin from the left thigh revealed epidermal detachment at the dermal–epidermal junction with prominent festooning of dermal papillae. A dense, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was present in the underlying dermis (〈link href="#f3"〉Fig. 3). Well-defined neutrophilic papillary microabscesses were not identified, nor were eosinophils. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) staining revealed linear deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) at the dermal–epidermal junction (〈link href="#f4"〉Fig. 4). Indirect immunofluorescence studies of the serum were negative for circulating pemphigus and pemphigoid antibodies. On the basis of these findings, a diagnosis of linear IgA bullous dermatosis was made.〈figure xml:id="f3"〉3〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD544:IJD_544_f3"/〉(a) Subepidermal blister with prominent festooning of dermal papillae. (b) Dense, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in underlying dermis〈figure xml:id="f4"〉4〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00119059:IJD544:IJD_544_f4"/〉Deposition of IgA in a linear pattern at the dermal–epidermal junctionDespite discontinuation of captopril, the patient continued to develop new blisters. Treatment with dapsone was initiated at a dose of 25 mg t.i.d. Because of continued blister formation, the dose was increased to 50 mg t.i.d. and prednisone was added to the regimen. The latter was tapered over a period of 3 months. For the past year, dapsone has been administered at a dosage of 100 mg b.i.d., and the patient has experienced only occasional blister formation.