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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: PACS:25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstact: The composition of forward-going projectile spectator matter in fixed-target Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A · GeV at the CERN SPS has been studied as a function of centrality. The data were measured with the NA49 veto calorimeter. We observe that forward-going spectator matter in central collisions consists of 9 neutrons, 7 protons, and half a deuteron on average. At large impact parameters most spectator nucleons are bound in fragments. The relative resolution of the average impact parameter derived from the measurement of spectator neutrons is roughly 19% in the range from zero to half maximum impact parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Charged particle multiplicity distributions and pseudo-rapidity density distributions from16O induced nuclear collisions at 200 and 60A GeV are presented. The data were taken, using a minimumbias trigger, with the WA80 set-up at the CERN SPS. In this presentation we focus on how the yield of charged particles depends on the projectile energy, the mass number of the target nucleus and the energy measured in a uranium-plastic sampling calorimeter covering angles close to zero degrees. The data are compared to simulations from the event generator FRITIOF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results from a pion interferometric analysis of the system 200 GeV/nucleon16O+Au, central collisions, are reported. Both a Gaussian source model and a model based on the inside-outside cascade are used to fit to the experimental correlation function, giving transverse and longitudinal shape parameters, a freezeout time parameter, and a chaoticity parameter for the pion emitting source. We find a transverse
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Transverse momentum (p T) distributions fo inclusive photons and neutral pions at midrapidity are measured with a lead glass calorimeter in 60 and are measured with a lead glass calorimeter in 60 and 200A·Gev16O+nucleus and and proton+nucleus reactions. Inclusive photon distributions are compared for central and peripheral reactions. The degree of centrality is determined either from the charged particle multiplicity or from the remaining projectile energy in the forward direction. Deviations from a nucleus+nucleus interaction model based upon linear extrapolation from p+p reactions are observed in central16O+Au data. The variation of theaverage transverse momentum is investigated as function of centrality. The target-mass and energy dependence of π0 p T distributions are presented. For16O+Au a change of slope in these distributions is observed atp t ≈0.8 GeV/c compatible with hydrodynamic expansion models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Target remnants withZ〈3 from proton-nucleus and16O-nucleus reactions at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon were measured in the angular range from 30° to 160° (−1.7〈η〈1.3) employing the Plastic Ball detector. The excitation energy of the target spectator matter in central oxygen-induced collisions is found to be high enough to allow for complete disintegration of the target nucleus into fragments withZ〈3. The average longitudinal momentum transfer per proton to the target in central collisions is considerably higher in the case of16O-induced reactions (≈300 MeV/c) than in proton-induced reactions (≈130 MeV/c). The baryon rapidity distributions are roughly in agreement with one-fluid hydrodynamical calculations at 60 GeV/nucleon16O+Au but are in disagreement at 200 GeV/nucleon, indicating the higher degree of transparency at the higher bombarding energy. Both, the transverse momenta of target spectators and the entropy produced in the target fragmentation region are compared to those attained in head-on collisions of two heavy nuclei at Bevalac energies. They are found to be comparable or do even exceed the values for the participant matter at beam energies of about 1–2 GeV/nucleon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Gynäkologe 32 (1999), S. 915-918 
    ISSN: 1433-0393
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Arztstrafrecht • Sorgfaltspflichtverletzung • Patientenaufklärung • Risk-Management • Strafverteidigung ; Key words Criminal law on medical practice • Breach ¶of duty of due care • Patient information • Risk management, Defence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Defects in treatment, patient information and organization can lead to responsibility under criminal law in addition to civil liability. This turns mainly on the facts of negligent bodily injury and negligent homicide. It is estimated that about 2500–3000 investigations against doctors are started by the director of public prosecutions every year in Germany. These can result in penal law proceedings at the end of which the persons concerned are sentenced. This cannot be avoided unless an adequate defence is started as soon as the accusation becomes known. The aim of the defence has to be to get the investigation stopped as soon as possible and to at least avoid a public trial. A particular feature is that working in the medical profession can in itself lead to responsibility under criminal law. This is a risk practitioners must be aware of. In general, forensic risks are required to be kept to a minimum. Appropriate risk management also contributes to this end. This implies appropriate behaviour in the case of any incidents arising in connection with treatment and/or when the director of public prosecutions starts an investigation. An effective defence is only possible against this backdrop.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Behandlungs-, Aufklärungs- und Organisationsfehler können – neben zivilrechtlicher Haftung – auch zu strafrechtlicher Verantwortlichkeit führen. Vornehmlich geht es um die Tatbestände der fahrlässigen Körperverletzung und fahrlässigen Tötung. Nach Schätzungen werden in Deutschland pro Jahr etwa 2.500 bis 3.000 neue staatsanwaltschaftliche Ermittlungsverfahren gegen Ärztinnen und Ärzte eingeleitet. Daraus können strafgerichtliche Hauptverhandlungen mit Verurteilung der Betroffenen resultieren. Dies zu vermeiden, setzt voraus, daß sofort nach Bekanntwerden des Vorwurfs eine adäquate Verteidigung einsetzt. Deren Ziel muß sein, das Ermittlungsverfahren möglichst frühzeitig zur Einstellung zu führen und jedenfalls die Durchführung einer öffentlichen Hauptverhandlung zu vermeiden. Es stellt eine Besonderheit dar, daßärztliche Berufsausübung ohne weiteres zu strafrechtlicher Verantwortlichkeit führen kann. Dieses Risiko muß bewußt sein. Allgemein ist erforderlich, forensische Risiken zu minimieren. Dem dient auch adäquates Risk-Management. Dies impliziert ein adäquates Verhalten im Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten von Behandlungszwischenfällen bzw. wenn ein staatsanwaltschaftliches Ermittlungsverfahren eingeleitet wird. Nur auf dieser Grundlage kann eine effektive Strafverteidigung erfolgen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: B-cell chronic lymphocyte leukemia ; T-lymphocyte subpopulations ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several authors have studied the T-lymphocyte subpopulations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), but previous studies were performed after preceding enrichment procedures, which are known to cause selective losses of certain subpopulations. To correct for this deficiency we used flow cytometric analysis, which enabled us to measure subpopulations directly on total blood samples. We studied T-lymphocyte subsets with OKT monoclonal antibodies in 45 patients with B-CLL. Serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were assayed simultaneously and findings were correlated with clinical stage (Rai classification). The absolute number of CD 4-positive cells decreased in more advanced Rai stages, while the absolute number of CD 8-positive cells increased, resulting in a progressive reduction in CD 4/8 ratio. Results from patients in stages with equal prognosis (Rai I and II, Rai III and IV) were similar and when these results were grouped the observed differences were highly significant and clearly correlated with all prognostic groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1090-6487
    Keywords: 52.50.Jm ; 52.25.Jm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for investigation of the generation of fast ions and hot electrons inside the same plasma volume in laser-produced plasmas is proposed. It is based on the spectroscopic observation of line radiation from singly and doubly excited levels with simultaneous high spectral and spatial resolution. The experimental results demonstrate the observation of fast ions from highly charged target material inside the plasma volume and suggest that the generally accepted scaling relations are seriously invalid under certain conditions. Even at rather modest intensities ions with energies of several MeV are observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Neurohypophysis (Median eminence, Neural lobe) ; Adrenalectomy ; Salt loading ; Salt deprivation ; Plasma volume ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In adrenalectomized rats the influence of salt loading or salt deprivation on the vasopressin and oxytocin content of the median eminence (ME) and the neural lobe (NL) was studied by means of various methods: (1) morphometric and microphotometric analysis of aldehyde fuchsin-stained sections of ME and NL; (2) immunohistochemical demonstration of neurophysin, oxytocin, and vasopressin in the ME and in the NL; (3) radioimmunological measurement of oxytocin and vasopressin in the ME and in the NL. Adrenalectomy in salt-substituted rats raised the vasopressin content of the outer layer of the ME (OLME) but had no influence on the amount of vasopressin in the inner layer of the ME and in the NL. Osmotic stimulation of adrenalectomized rats by hypertonic saline markedly diminished vasopressin and oxytocin in the inner layer of the ME and in the NL but did not, or only slightly reduced vasopressin in the OLME. Withdrawal of salt supplementation in adrenalectomized rats resulted in a decrease of plasma sodium and plasma volume. It did not change the vasopressin or oxytocin content of the inner layer of the ME and of the NL, but it was correlated with a decrease of vasopressin in the OLME. The present findings may suggest that vasopressin in the OLME is involved in salt and/or volume regulation by influencing the hypophysial-adrenal axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychometrika 52 (1987), S. 113-124 
    ISSN: 1860-0980
    Keywords: random regression ; probit model ; conditional dependence ; repeated classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A random effects probit model is developed for the case in which the same units are sampled repeatedly at each level of an independent variable. Because the observed proportions may be correlated under these conditions, estimating their trend with respect to the independent variable is no longer a standard problem for probit, logit or loglinear analysis. Using a qualitative analogue of a random regressions model, we employ instead marginal maximum likelihood to estimate the average latent trend line. Likelihood ratio tests of the hypothesis of no trend in the average line, and the hypothesis of no differences in average trend lines between experimental treatments, are proposed. We illustrate the model both with simulated data and with observed data from a clinical experiment in which psychiatric patients on two drug therapies are rated on five occasions for the presence or absence of symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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