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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; partitioning ; rivers ; watersheds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Seven Wisconsin rivers with contrasting, relativelyhomogeneous watershed composition were selected toassess the factors controlling mercury transport.Together, these watersheds allow comparisons ofwetland, forest, urban and agricultural land-uses.Each site was sampled nine times between September1993 and September 1994 to establish seasonalsignatures and transport processes of total mercury(HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg). Our resultsclearly show that land use and land cover stronglyinfluence mercury transport processes. Under base-flowconditions, unfiltered MeHg yield varies by a factorof sixteen (12–195 mg km-2 d-1), andincreases with the fraction of wetland area in thewatershed. Elevated mercury yields during high floware particle-phase associated in agricultural sites,but filtered-phase associated in wetland sites.Methylmercury represented less than 5% of totalmercury mobilized during the spring thaw across allwatersheds. Autumn MeHg yield was generally 11–15%of HgT in wetland influenced watersheds, thougha maximum of 51% was observed. In some cases, singlehigh-flow events may dominate the annual export ofmercury from a watershed. For example, one high-flowevent on the agricultural Rattlesnake Creek had thelargest HgT and MeHg yield in the study (107 and2.32 mg km-2 d-1, respectively). The mass ofmercury transported downstream by this single eventwas an order of magnitude larger than the eight other(non-event) sampling dates combined. These resultsunderscore the importance of watershed characteristicsand seasonal events on the fate of mercury in freshwater rivers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dissolved organic carbon ; partition coefficients ; rivers ; trace metals ; watersheds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Trace metal clean-techniques were applied in the determination of the levels and particle partitioning of Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn in 14 rivers in Wisconsin. Nine headwater and five receiving water sites, representing both major river systems and diverse physiographic regions were sampled in the fall of 1991 and 1992, and spring of 1993. Mean filterable concentrations (range) of Cd 9.5 (4.6–26), Cu 620 (110–1800), Pb 76 (20–200), and Zn 460 (160–930) ng L-1 are comparable with recent data from oceanic, Great Lakes, and other river systems determined by researchers using modern ‘clean’ methods. Metal partition coefficients at each site generally followed the trend (pooled mean log Kd): Pb (5.84) 〉 Zn (5.54) 〉 Cd (4.92) 〉 Cu (4.94). Order-of-magnitude differences in Kds were observed between sites, however, a large fraction of this variance could be explained by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels and degree of anthropogenic perturbation. Watershed yields of Cd, Pb, and Zn, under baseflow conditions were a very small fraction, typically 1–2%, of atmospheric loading. Copper yields represented a much higher fraction, particularly during spring high flow conditions. Filterable levels and yields of Al, Pb, and Zn are significantly higher in non-calcareous systems than in calcareous ones, which correlates with the higher levels of DOC in non-calcareous, forested systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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