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  • 1995-1999  (145)
  • 1970-1974  (85)
  • 1940-1944  (53)
  • 1900-1904  (73)
  • 1850-1859  (2)
  • Chemistry  (328)
  • Organic Chemistry  (71)
  • Crystal Structure  (20)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (18)
  • Small intestine  (6)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
  • Microbial biomass
Material
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Year
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 54 (1941), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Gadolinium sesquihalide ; interstitial carbon units ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6, ein interstitiell stabilisiertes, heteroleptisches Gadoliniumsesquihalogenid[Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 erhält man aus CsI, Gd, GdCl3 und C2I4 in verschweißten Niob-Ampullen bei 1000/800°C in Form von schwarzen, glänzenden Nadeln. Die Kristallstruktur (tetragonal; P4/mbm; Z = 2; a = 1347,5(1); c = 1212,5(1) pm) ist ähnlich wie jene von Na[Mo4]O6 bzw. [Sc4B]Cl6. Trans-kantenverknüpfte [Gd6]-Oktaeder verlaufen parallel [001]. Sie enthalten interstitielle C2-Einheiten, Jedes dritte Oktaeder enthält fehlgeordnete C2-Einheiten, senkrecht zu jenen in den benachbarten [Gd6(C2)]-Oktaedern. Diese sind daher entlang der (pseudo)-C4-Achse gestaucht. Rechnungen zur elektronischen Struktur zeigen, daß insgesamt 13 Elektronen zur Auffüllung aller Metall-Metall-bindenden Zustände für eine „leere“ [Gd4]Cl6-Struktur nötig wären. Die Einlagerung der C2-Dimeren verändert die Bindungsverhältnisse in [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I) erheblich. Die formale Ladung von -6 der C2-Einheit wird durch das Aufsplitten der πg-Zustände reduziert, Gd—Gd und Gd—C-bindende Zustände werden besetzt und bindende dx2-y2-Orbitale kombinieren zu den am niedrigsten liegenden nicht besetzten Zuständen.
    Notes: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 is obtained from CsI, Gd, GdCl3 and C2I4 in sealed niobium containers at 1000/800°C as black, shiny needles. The crystal structure (tetragonal, P4/mbm, Z = 2, a = 1347.5(1), c = 1212.5(1) pm) is similar to that of Na[Mo4]O6 and [Sc4B]Cl6. It may be regarded as being built from octahedra sharing common trans edges running in the [001] direction. The octahedra contain C2 units as interstitials. Every third octahedron contains a disordered C2 unit perpendicular to those in the two neighboring [Gd6(C2)] octahedra and is therefore compressed in the direction of the (pseudo) C4 axis. Calculations of the electronic structure of an “empty” [Gd4]Cl6 structure reveals a total of 13 electrons necessary to occupy all metal-metal bonding states. The incorporation of a carbon dimer substantially alters the bonding conditions for [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I). The formal charge of -6 of the C2 unit is significantly reduced as πg states split up, Gd—Gd and Gd—C bonding states are occupied and bonding dx2—y2 orbitals combine to form the lowest unoccupied energy states.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Fungal biomass ; Ergosterol ; Fumigation extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol and microbial biomass C were measured in 26 arable, 16 grassland and 30 forest soils. The ergosterol content ranged from 0.75 to 12.94 μg g-1 soil. The geometric mean ergosterol content of grassland and forest soils was around 5.5 μg g-1, that of the arable soils 2.14 μg g-1. The ergosterol was significantly correlated with biomass C in the entire group of soils, but not in the subgroups of grassland and forest soils. The geometric mean of the ergosterol: microbial biomass C ratio was 6.0 mg g-1, increasing in the order grassland (5.1), arable land (5.4) and woodland (7.2). The ergosterol:microbial biomass C ratio had a strong negative relationship with the decreasing cation exchange capacity and soil pH, indicating that the fungal part of the total microbial biomass in soils increased when the buffer capacity decreased. The average ergosterol concentration calculated from literature data was 5.1 mg g-1 fungal dry weight. Assuming that fungi contain 46% C, the conversion factor from micrograms ergosterol to micrograms fungal biomass C is 90. For soil samples, neither saponification of the extract nor the more effective direct saponification during extraction seems to be really necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Analytical variations ; Root intenference ; Root pre-extraction ; Fumigation-extraction ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A control soil stored at 4°C was analyzed 38 times by fumigation-extraction during a period of 11 months to correct for variations caused by the analytical procedure. The difference in extractable C between fumigated and unfumigated samples oscillated around the average without a positive or negative trend. When data from contemporaneously extracted field samples were corrected with control soil data the variations were lowered. The deviations between corrected and uncorrected biomass C values had maxima of ±12%. Data obtained for seven dates using pre-extraction, wet-sieving, and centrifuging were compared with data obtained by the conventional procedure without any pretreatment. A negative difference from data obtained without pretreatment was found when the soil water content was decreased to 6%. The largest positive difference (+38%) was found in May during the period of highest root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Acidification ; Beech forest ; Soil organic C ; Total P ; Fagus sylvatica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-eight soils from forest sites in central Germany dominated by beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were sampled to a depth of about 10 cm after careful removal of the overlying organic layers. Microbial biomass P was estimated by the fumigation — extraction method, measuring the increase in NaHCO3-extractable phosphate. The size of the microbial P pool varied between 17.7 and 174.3 μg P g-1 soil and was on average more than seven times larger than NaHCO3-extractable phosphate. Microbial P was positively correlated with soil organic C and total P, reflecting the importance of soil organic matter as a P source. The mean microbial P concentration was 13.1% of total P, varying in most soils between 6 and 18. Microbial P and microbial C were significantly correlated with each other and had a mean ratio of 14.3. A wide (5.1–26.3) microbial C: P ratio indicates that there is no simple relatinship between these two parameters. The microbial C: P ratio showed strong and positive correlations with soil pH and cation exchange capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Analytical variations ; Root interference ; Root pre-extraction ; Fumigation-extraction ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A control soil stored at 4°C was analyzed 38 times by fumigation-extraction during a period of 11 months to correct for variations caused by the analytical procedure. The difference in extractable C between fumigated and unfumigated samples oscillated around the average without a positive or negative trend. When data from contemporaneously extracted field samples were corrected with control soil data the variations were lowered. The deviations between corrected and uncorrected biomass C values had maxima of ±12%. Data obtained for seven dates using pre-extraction, wet-sieving, and centrifuging were compared with data obtained by the conventional procedure without any pretreatment. A negative difference from data obtained without pretreatment was found when the soil water content was decreased to 6%. The largest positive difference (+38%) was found in May during the period of highest root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Absorption ; Diabetes mellitus ; Man ; Dünndarm ; Resorption ; Diabetes mellitus ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 11 insulinbedürftigen Diabetikern, 6 Altersdiabetikern und 5 Patienten mit sekundärem Diabetes mellitus bei chronischer Pankreatitis wurde das Verhalten der Glucose-, Wasser-, Natrium- und Kaliumresorption mittels der segmentalen Dünndarmperfusion mit einer dreilumigen Sonde untersucht. Ein Vergleich der Resorptionsergebnisse mit den bei 26 stoffwechselgesunden Probanden ermittelten Werten läßt keine signifikanten Unterschiede erkennen.
    Notes: Summary Glucose, water and electrolyte absorption has been investigated in 11 patients suffering from juvenile onset diabetes, in 6 patients suffering from growth onset diabetes and 5 patients with diabetes due to chronic pancreatitis. The measurements were obtained using a triple lumen tube system by which a defined segment of the upper jejunum was perfused. The absorption values obtained did not differ significantly from those of a group of 26 metabolically healthy controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Absorption ; Insulin ; Man ; Dünndarm ; Resorption ; Insulin ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Insulin auf die Resorption von Glucose, Wasser, Natrium und Kalium wurde mittels der segmentalen Dünndarmperfusion mit einer dreilumigen Sonde untersucht. Nach Messung der Resorption über zwei 30 min-Perioden wurden den Probanden 1,0 g Tolbutamid (Rastinon®) bzw. 20 IE Insulin (Actrapid®) intravenös injiziert und danach die Resorption über vier 15 min-Perioden bestimmt. Ergebnisse 1. Stoffwechselgesunde zeigten sowohl nach Injektion von Tolbutamid und dadurch induzierter Erhöhung des Seruminsulinspiegels als auch nach Insulininjektion eine signifikante Minderung der Resorption. 2. Diese Resorptionsminderung war auch nachweisbar, wenn Glucose zur Verhinderung des Blutzuckerabfalls unmittelbar nach der Insulininjektion infundiert wurde. 3. Insulinbedürftige Diabetiker lassen nach der Injektion von Tolbutamid — offenbar infolge fehlender Insulinsekretion — keine Resorptionsänderungen erkennen, zeigen aber eine Transportminderung nach Insulininjektion. Diese Befunde belegen, daß die Glucose-, Wasser-, Natrium- und Kaliumresorption im menschlichen Dünndarm durch Insulin reduziert wird.
    Notes: Summary The influence of insulin on the intestinal absorption of glucose, water, sodium and potassium was investigated in man using a triple lumen tube technique. After an absorption period of 60 min 1 g of tolbutamide was injected in order to stimulate endogenous insulin secretion. Alternatively 20 units of regular insulin were applied intravenously. Thereafter absorption was studied over 4 periods of 15 min duration. Results: 1. In healthy subjects the absorption of glucose water, sodium and potassium was decreased after the injection of tolbutamide as well as after the injection of insulin. 2. The decrease in absorption was also demonstrable when the insulin induced reduction of blood sugar levels was abolished by intravenous glucose infusion. 3. In insulin dependent diabetics there was no decrease in absorption after injection of tolbutamide. This was due to the unability to secrete insulin. On the other hand a decrease in absorption occurred if insulin was applied in insulin dependent diabetics. These results demonstrate that the absorption of glucose, water, sodium and potassium from the human intestine is reduced by insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Self-emptying loop ; Mucosal atrophy ; Small intestine ; Luminal nutrition ; Morphology ; Glucose-absorption ; Rat ; Selbstentleerende Blindschlingen des Jejunums ; Schleimhautatrophie ; Topische Ernährung ; Morphologie ; Glucoseresorption ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Möglichkeit und Ausmaß der Reversibilität einer Dünndarmschleimhautatrophie zu prüfen, wurden operativ ausgeschaltete, atrophische Jejunalschlingen nach Rückverlegung in die Dünndarmpassage morphologisch und funktionell untersucht. Ergebnisse: 1 Monat nach Rückverlegung hatte sich die Schleimhautatrophie zurückgebildet. Morphometrisch fand sich darüber hinaus eine Hypertrophie aller Wandschichten. Der Schleimhauthypertrophie entsprach eine Steigerung der Glucoseresorption.
    Notes: Summary Self-emptying blind loops of the small intestine in the rat were restored to functioning intestine in order to investigate the reversibility of mucosal atrophy. Results: 1 month after restoration of normal anatomical conditions atrophy was no longer demonstrable. In addition, the morphometric data indicated mucosal hypertrophy and increase in thickness of all layers of the intestinal wall. These changes were associated with a significant increase of glucose-absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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