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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of cutometer data to stratum corneum hydration level (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 2 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: The cutometer is an instrument that measures mechanical properties of skin. The NOVA dermal phase meter (DPM) measures the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level. The objectives of this study were to determine which parameters of the cutometer data curves were most sensitive to changes in SC hydration level, and to determine if lowering the skin stress applied by the cutometer would increase the instrument's sensitivity to SC hydration.Methods: In two studies, the volar forearms of ten and six subjects, respectively, were hydrated with wet paper towels for ten min. Measurements were made with the cutometer at various vacuum levels, and with the DPM. In another study, leg skin of nine subjects was hydrated by applying moisturizing lotions for 2 weeks. Measurements were made with the cutometer and DPM.Results/conclusion: Significant changes in DPM and cutometer measurements were found after hydrating skin in each study. However, only three correlations were found between cutometer data and DPM data. The lack of correlation was perhaps due to the differences in the depth into the skin which the two instruments measure. It is not clear which cutometer data parameters are generally most sensitive to hydration level, since different parameters were found to be most sensitive in each of the three studies. Finally, lowering the cutometer vacuum level generally did not increase the sensitivity of the measurements to changes in hydration levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00145.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES OF DEMYELINATION (1965)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 122 (1965), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20212.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lubrication theory for reactive spreading of a thin drop (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 1797-1810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Solder drops spreading on metallic substrates are a reactive form of the wetting problem. A metallic component may diffuse in the liquid toward a metal substrate, where it is consumed by a reaction that forms a solid intermetallic phase. The resulting spatial variation in the composition of the drop may cause composition gradients along the free surface of the drop. Together with any thermal gradients along the free surface, Marangoni effects may, in turn, modify the bulk transport in the spreading drop. Motivated by this situation, we extend lubrication theory for the spreading of thin drops in the presence of gravity and thermocapillarity to include mass transport and solutocapillarity. We use an approximate solute profile in the drop to derive coupled evolution equations for the free surface shape and concentration field. Numerical solutions for the nonreactive (single component) drop agree well with previous theory. In the reactive case, we are only able to compute results for parameters outside of the range for solder materials. Including reactive effects in the model impacts the flow patterns and spreading rates at relatively early times; but by the end of the spreading, solutal effects have died out in the model. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.868497
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The authors' comment (1965)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 20 (1965), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1965.tb04696.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlations between Dermal Torque Meter®, Cutometer®, and Dermal Phase Meter® measurements of human skin (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The Dermal Torque Meter® (DTM) and the Cutometer® are instruments that measure mechanical properties of skin. The NOVA(tm) Dermal Phase Meter® (DPM) measures the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level. The objectives of this study were to determine which parameters of the DTM data curves were most sensitive to changes in SC hydration level, which of the two instruments (Cutometer or DTM) was most sensitive, and what correlations existed between the Cutometer and DTM data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods: Dry leg skin was created on nine subjects by washing with soap and using no moisturizers for one week. The skin was then treated with moisturizing lotions for two weeks. Measurements were made with the Cutometer, DTM, and DPM pre- and post-treatment.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results: Significant changes in DPM, DTM, and Cutometer measurements were found after the moisturizer treatment. However, correlations were not found between mechanical property data and DPM data. The DTM had the two parameters with the highest sensitivity of all of the DTM and Cutometer parameters. Finally, correlations between the two instruments existed for only three of the ten parameters investigated.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions: While measurements with all three instruments significantly changed in response to skin hydration, neither the DTM nor Cutometer data tended to correlate with DPM data, perhaps due to the differences in the depths into the skin which each instrument measures. Furthermore, the mechanical properties measured by the two instruments do not correlate well between the instruments. Finally, the DTM was found to have the most sensitive parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00170.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant growth stage effects on the feeding and growth responses of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurata to canola and mustard foliage (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. juncea ; consumption rate ; glucosinolates ; growth rate ; indolyl ; isothiocyanate ; Mamestra configurata ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae were fed excisedBrassica juncea (commercial brown mustard) orB. rapa cv. Tobin (Canola) foliage of three plant growth stages-rosette (stage 2), stem elongation (stage 3) and flowering (stage 4). Relative consumption rates (RCRi) were not significantly different between the plant species. Within theB. juncea treatments, there were no significant growth stage differences in RCRi. However, withinB. rapa, RCRi increased with advancing plant growth stage. Larvae fedB. juncea foliage had significantly reduced relative growth rates (RGRi) compared to larvae fedB. rapa foliage. Within theB. juncea treatments, RGRi decreased with advancing plant growth stage. There were no significant growth stage differences in RGRi in theB. rapa treatments. RGRi was inversely proportional to the levels of isothiocyanate-releasing glucosinolates in theB. juncea treatments. RCRi was inversely proportional to the levels of indolyl glucosinolates in theB. rapa treatments. Levels of total phenols and catechols inB. juncea did not show any trend which could be related to growth stage effects in the insect nutritional indices. InB. rapa, levels of phenols and catechols in stage 3 and 4 foliage were lower than that of stage 2 foliage. Analyses of total nitrogen in field-grown plants showed reductions in percent nitrogen from rosette to flowering stage foliage. The response ofM. configurata to different growth stages of its host plants are discussed in relation to changing levels of allelochemicals and nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383167
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura to azadirachtin and neem (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 81 (1996), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding deterrents ; desensitization ; habituation ; azadirachtin ; neem ; Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deterrence of azadirachtin, in its pure form and as a constituent of neem seed extract, to fifth instar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae, was measured using cabbage, Brassica oleraceae (L.) var. capitata, leaf disc assays. Paired-choice assays, in which larvae could choose between feeding on a treated (1.3 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) or an untreated leaf disc for 2 h, were conducted at 24 h intervals throughout the fifth instar. In addition, no-choice assays, in which larvae could feed on only one leaf disc (10 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) for 1.5 h, were conducted consecutively over a six hour period at the beginning of the fifth instar. The effects of hunger and habituation on desensitization in our no-choice tests were partitioned. After repeated exposures, larvae became desensitized to pure azadirachtinal in both choice and no-choice tests, but did not desensitize to neem containing the same absolute amount of azadirachtin in choice tests. Hunger was responsible for approximately one third of the desensitization response in the no-choice tests. Sensitivity to azadirachtin was independent of age within the fifth instar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187040
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of neemAzadirachta indica seed extracts and oils as oviposition deterrents to noctuid moths (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 76 (1995), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: neem seed extracts ; neem oils ; noctuid moths ; oviposition deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Applications of three concentrations of oil-free neem seed extracts (Azadirachta indica A. Juss; Meliaceae) to cabbage plants in cages did not deter oviposition by individuals of three species of noctuid moths,Trichoplusia ni, Peridroma saucia, andSpodoptera litura. The concentrations used corresponded to 10, 50, and 100 ppm of the main active ingredient, azadirachtin. The total number of eggs laid per female, female longevity, and median day of oviposition were not affected. Sprays of the neem oil-based insecticide Margosan-O R , and a 1% aqueous emulsion of a refined neem seed oil similarly had no effect on any of the parameters studied. However, a 1% crude oil emulsion significantly reduced the proportion of eggs laid byS. litura on treated plants. Our results suggest that literature reports of significant neem-based oviposition deterrence toS. litura are the result of compounds that are removed by higher levels of processing and thus not likely to be found in most commercial neem seed formulations. Sprays consisting of highly processed neem seed extracts, used at concentrations that provide larval control, are unlikely to be generally effective as oviposition deterrents to noctuid pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383209
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence variation at the major histocompatibility complex DRB loci in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhal (Monodon monoceros) (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 242-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Beluga ; Narwhal ; Mhc ; DRB ; Monodontidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The variation at loci with similarity to DRB class II major histocompatibility complex loci was assessed in 313 beluga collected from 13 sampling locations across North America, and 11 narwhal collected in the Canadian high Arctic. Variation was assessed by amplification of exon 2, which codes for the peptide binding region, via the polymerase chain reaction, followed by either cloning and DNA sequencing or single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis. Two DRB loci were identified in beluga: DRB1, a polymorphic locus, and, DRB2, a monomorphic locus. Eight alleles representing five distinct lineages (based on sequence similarity) were found at the beluga DRB1 locus. Although the relative number of alleles is low when compared with terrestrial mammals, the amino acid variation found among the lineages is moderate. At the DRB1 locus, the average number of nonsynonymous substitutions per site is greater than the average number of synonymous substitutions per site (0.0806 : 0.0207, respectively;P〈0.01). Most of the 31 amino acid substitutions do not conserve the physiochemical properties of the residue, and 21 of these are located at positions implicated as forming pockets responsible for the selective binding of foreign peptide side chains. Only DRB1 variation was examined in 11 narwhal, revealing a low amount of variation. These data are consistent with an important role for the DRB1 locus in the cellular immune response of beluga. In addition, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions is similar to that among primate alleles, arguing against a reduction in the balancing selection pressure in the marine environment. Two hypotheses may explain the modest amount of Mhc variation when compared with terrestrial mammals: small population sizes at speciation or a reduced neutral substitution rate in cetaceans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050428
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metals in Feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater, and Red-Tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, Northern Pacific (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 343-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: birds ; environmental pollutants ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca), Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p〈0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006134125236
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