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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of ocean CO2 disposal on marine life: II. Probabilistic plume exposure model used with a time‐varying dose‐response analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 345-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; plume ; pH ; random walk ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method to evaluate aquatic mortality given a pollutant distribution is presented and applied to several sample low pH plumes representing various ocean CO2 disposal schemes. The method is an improvement over current analysis because it integrates the mortality due to time‐varying exposure to low pH with the probabilistic experiences of passive organisms subject to turbulent lateral diffusion as they pass through the plume. For the examples presented, the plume was discretized laterally into lanes and longitudinally by time steps, and a random walk model accounting for the scale‐dependent nature of relative diffusion was used to simulate the organism pathways over one time step. From these simulations, the probability that an organism will be in a given lane, $$\dot \jmath $$ , one time step after it starts from an initial lane, $$i$$ , was determined for all combinations of $$i$$ and $$\dot \jmath $$ . These probabilities were used to find the number of organisms following each of the possible pathways, and the mortality to the organisms due to their time varying exposure to low pH was determined by using the toxicity model described in part I of this paper. The integrated method allows the impact of the plume to be described in terms of total organism mortality as well as spatial deficit of organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019081915826
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of ocean CO2 disposal on marine life: I. A toxicological assessment integrating constant‐concentration laboratory assay data with variable‐concentration field exposure (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; sequestration ; plume ; pH ; toxicity ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Feasibility studies suggest that the concept of capturing CO2 from fossil fuel power plants and discharging it to the deep ocean could help reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the local reduction in seawater pH near the point of injection is a potential environmental impact. Data from the literature reporting on toxicity of reduced pH to marine organisms potentially affected by such a plume were combined into a model expressing mortality as a function of pH and exposure time. Since organisms exposed to real plumes would experience a time‐varying pH, methods to account for a variable exposure were reviewed and a new method developed based on the concept of isomortality. In part II of this paper, the method is combined with a random‐walk model describing the transport of passive organisms through a low pH plume leading to a Monte‐Carlo‐like risk assessment which is applied to several candidate CO2 injection scenarios.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019029931755
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of breakup mechanisms in cavity flow (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 649-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drop breakup mechanisms inside a cavity flow are presented for two immiscible fluids. Due to the nonuniform flow condition of the cavity, the breakup mechanism varied along the streamlines. The streamlines were characterized by stream zones A and B, where zone A possessed a methodical transient breakup governed by Tomotika's breakup via capillary instabilities, and the breakup mechanism of stream zone B consisted of tip streaming breakup, an inefficient breakup mechanism. The flow behavior near flight region had a significant role in the drop breakup mechanisms. The study of the evolution of drop dispersion showed that the matrix viscosity is critical in controlling the transient breakup process and that the shear rate increase had little or no effect on the drop breakup.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420306
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer trace devolatilization: II. Case study and experimental verification (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1874-1883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, the bimodal/film model is compared with the cell model based on a case study using polystyrene/styrene devolatilization. It shows improvements over the cell model: (1) it requires a lower initial number of bubbles, which is more physically realistic and (2) it takes into account the observation of a limiting foam volume growth for a specific polymer in devolatilization. A stripper dispersion experiment was designed to investigate the effect of dispersed nitrogen stripper bubbles on the foam dynamics and devolatilization efficiency. The variables examined include polymer viscosity, initial volatile concentration, and the initial number and size of dispersed stripper bubbles. Polymer viscosity was the dominant factor in limiting the maximum foam volume expansion. The number and size of dispersed stripper bubbles show positive and negative effects (which are only secondary) on the maximum foam volume expansion, respectively. The initial volatile concentration has no effect on limiting the maximum foam volume expansion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430722
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer trace devolatilization: I. Foaming experiments and model development (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1861-1873 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volatile species are removed from polymers by devolatilization. Foaming experiments using corn syrup and low-density polyethylene were carried out to investigate effects of volatile content, operating vacuum level and stripping agent in devolatilization. When foaming and rupture occur, a limiting foam volume growth was observed for a polymer regardless of the volatile content and the addition of stripper bubbles. A mathematical model was also developed to study the effect of stripper bubbles in polymer devolatilization. Based on the cell model for bubble growth, a bimodal model for foam growth is developed as the first step to describe the initial formation and growth of the volatile and stripper bubbles in polymer during devolatilization. When foaming and breakup occur at a critical foam volume expansion, a film model for mass transfer is used to model the second step of devolatilization. A numerical factorial study shows that the devolatilization section should be designed and operated to provide the screw channel sufficient free volume and residence time for the desired foam expansion.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430721
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Principal directions as a basis for the evaluation mixing (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1527-1534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measures of mixing for laminar flow are developed from basic principles of continuum mechanics for infinitesimal rates of stretch. The entire analysis is performed from the basis of the eigenvalues and principal directions of the appropriate flow tensors. Measuring the rate of line growth, where the line marks the interface between two miscible fluids, in terms of the major eigenvalue provides a direct measure of the maximum rate of mixing. Two efficiency measures for mixing are derived in terms of the eigenvalues and their directions. The creation efficiency of the magnitude of the major eigenvalue as a function of the energy input into the flow field is evaluated. The orientation of the interface to the principal direction qualifies the mixing efficiency in laminar flow. The new theory is used to analyze two-dimensional and three-dimensional channels. The results demonstrate not only the continuum measures for mixing but also extend our present understanding on mixing and provide future directions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760351906
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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