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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradability and compostability of polymers—test methods and criteria for evaluation (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Compost ; aerobic biodegradability ; paper ; poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/valerate ; cellulose powder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The treatment of solid waste in controlled composting facilities is an important possibility for reducing garbage. Natural and synthetic polymeric materials can be used for many purposes, for example, as packaging materials, where compostability is required. A prerequisite for official regulations and the decision as to which materials may be composted is investigations on their biodegradability and the quality of the compost produced. Several standardization groups at the ISO, CEN, and DIN are developing definitions, test methods, and classification systems for differentiating compostable from noncompostable materials. The concept which will be standardized and used in Germany is described in detail. It includes characterization of the test material, determination of the biodegradability using laboratory tests such as simple aquatic batch tests and a controlled aerobic composting test, investigation of the disintegration of the test material in industrial or bench-scale composting facilities, and finally, chemical and ecotoxicological analysis of the compost produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067451
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum interleukin-2 receptor for the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (1998)
    Springer
    Clinical rheumatology 17 (1998), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Early diagnosis ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; Soluble interleukin-2 receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The value of measuring soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in the sera of patients with joint pain as a predicting parameter for the future development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was examined. sIL-2R was measured by the ELISA method. Sixty-four patients with joint pain (suspected RA: sus-RA) but no bone or joint destruction were enrolled over 2 years and 47 were selected for the study. Eleven patients whose diagnosis was sus-RA after a year of observation were successively followed-up for 5 years. Two-thirds of the patients whose sIL-2R levels were higher than those of normal healthy adults (〈82 pmol/l; mean+2SD) developed RA within a year. On the other hand, one-quarter of the patients with normal levels of sIL-2R also developed RA within a year. The presence of two or three of the following three items in patients with joint pain without any bone and joint destruction was thus indicated to be useful for the early diagnosis of RA: elevated CRP level (≥1.0 mg/dl), positive rheumatoid factor (RF) (≥30 IU/ ml) and an elevated sIL-2R level (≥100 pmol/l). Sensitivity and specificity were 72.7% and 96.0%, respectively. The probability of development of RA is expressed asP=1/[1+exp(2.673−0.01784×sIL-2R−0.4398*#x00D7;CRP − 0.004835 × RF)], withR 2=0.3083 andp〈0.0005. On the other hand, the sIL-2R levels did not correlate with any future bone or joint changes within a year of observation. The above criteria may therefore hopefully justify the early treatment of patients with joint pain using drugs that can modify the patients' immune fuction. However, the validity of these criteria still need to be examined more thoroughly in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01451012
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of drug resistance to gold sodium thiomalate in a monocyte cell line, THP-1 (1998)
    Springer
    Clinical rheumatology 17 (1998), S. 214-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Gold sodium thiomalate ; Multiple drug resistance ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; THP-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of metallothionein, an intracellular heavy-metal-binding protein, and p-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump, was examined to study the mechanism of cell resistance to gold sodium thiomalate (GST). THP-1, one of the monocyte-derived cell lines, was cultured for 6 months and resistance to 25 μg/ml of GST (GST-resistant cells) was thus induced. The GST-resistant cells were then cultured with bucillamine to examine the presence of cross-resistance. The intracellular GST concentration was examined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. The cell viability was determined by the uptake of 3–4,5 dimethylthiazole-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The expression of p-glycoprotein was detected by Western blotting using monoclonal anti-p-glycoprotein antibody. The expression of metallothionein was detected using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. GST-resistant cells did not show any cross-resistance to bucillamine. The rate of cytoplasmic GST accumulation decreased in the GST-resistant cells, while the rate of GST efflux also decreased. The expression of p-glycoprotein in the GST-resistant cells was not significantly different from that in the cells not treated with GST. On the other hand, the GST-resistant cells showed a higher expression of metallothionein than cells not treated with GST. These findings suggest that the induced resistance to GST might partly be due to an induction of metallothionein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01451050
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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